1. c. 100,000 years
There has been multiple glaciations during the geological past of the Earth, but while they have all been separated by millions of years and have appeared randomly, this is not the case in the Pleistocene. The glaciations in the Pleistocene have started to have a cyclic pattern. This pattern is approximately 100,000 years, which is actually the period from the beginning to the peak of the glaciation, thus in general the peak of the Pleistocene glaciations is in about 100,000 years since the beginning of the glaciation.
Q 68. b. Huronian
The Huronian is the first glaciation known to the scientists. It has occurred between 2.4 to 2.1 billion years ago. The reason for the appearance of this glaciation is thought to be the quietness of the volcanoes for millions of years. Because the volcanoes were not erupting, or it was very little, the CO2 levels in the atmosphere dropped, resulting in significant weakening of the greenhouse effect, sot he Earth cooled off, and became a snow/ice ball. This glaciation occurred when there was only unicellular organisms, thus before the explosion of life.r
Q 69. c. Glacial erratics are blocks of rock that are too large for the glacier to move
The glaciers are very powerful, and as they move they manage to move lot of things with them. The things that are moved by the glaciers and later deposited vary from very small sand grains to enormous blocks of rocks. The big blocks of rock that weigh several tons are called glacial erratics. Despite their weight, the glaciers were able to move them over long distance, tens or even hundreds of km away. These rocks are easy to notice, as they stick out in the landscape, having different composition that the native rocks, and looking like they don't belong there.
Q 70. c. About 35 million years ago
Antarctica is a frozen continent in the present, but this has not been the case always. In the past, Antarctica has actually been a continent that was covered with dense forests, having tropical and temperate climate types. This started to change with the breakup of Gondwanaland. As Antarctica was moving away from South America and Africa, it was moving toward the South Pole, and as it was getting closer, the climate started to change. Around 35 million years ago, the first glaciers started to form on Antarctica, and over the next 20 million years, this continent gradually was becoming more and more covered in ice until it got almost completely frozen.
Q 71. d. icy comets
The glaciers on Earth depend on numerous factors in order for them to form and exist. Some of those factors are the precession, eccentricity, and obliquity, all of which have very big impact on Earth's climate, making it warmer and wetter at times, and than making it colder and drier. When the climate is becoming colder and drier, the glaciers start to form, and they start to expand from the poles toward the lower latitudes, as well as occupying the higher mountains around the globe. The icy comets though have nothing to do with the formation of glaciers. While they may have impact with our planet and cause changes, they will be very short lived, and the ice they carry will melt down immediately at the moment of the impact.
The type of plate boundary that currently exists in east Africa where land is spreading is a convergent boundary. True or false?
Answer:
False
Explanation:
The plate boundary that exist in Eastern Africa is a divergent plate boundary. At this boundary, the Somali plate is moving away from the Nubian plate. The Somali plate is smaller, and its boundary is going from the Horn of Africa, through Eastern Africa, down the the southeastern part of the Africa. The Somali plate moves toward the east, thus it is gradually separating from the Nubian plate, forming a continuous rift valley along the boundary, filled with several large lakes at some places. Over time, the two plates will move enough from each other that the ocean waters will fill the space between them, separating them physically, and giving rise to a new continent. It is not clear how much time will be needed for total separation, but the estimates in general are around 10 millions years from now.
Why is it relatively unusual to see old people in Sub-Sahara Africa, especially in rural areas?
Answer: Most countries in Sub-Saharan Africa are in stage 2 of the Demographic Transition, which means that the population is increasing incredibly rapidly, even though the average death age in most countries is still relatively low. This increase in birthrate is due to increased economic activity.
2. What are solar irradiance, solar irradiation, solar isolation and peak sun hours? (10 pts)
Answer:
Explanation:
Solar Irradiance: Solar irradiance is the total heat energy received from sun per unit time and per unit area. Its unit is watts per square meter.
Solar irradiation: Both solar irradiation and solar isolation are a measure of time integrated solar energy. The solar energy received per unit area over a fixed time period( hour, day, month, year, ect.) is called solar irradiation or solar isolation.
Peak Sun hours: Peak sun hours are those hours of the day when we receive maximum magnitude of solar irradiation or isolation. Amount of irradiation keeps changing with seasons, altitude, etc.
true or false, Polar orbiting satellites offer the advantage of imaging clouds directly below their orbit, rather than at an angle such as experienced by a geostationary satellite.
Answer:
The statement is TRUE.
Explanation:
Polar orbiting satellite offers better imaging of the clouds directly below their orbit , rather at an angle such as experienced by the geostationary satellite . These satellite often permits good ground resolution . Their orbit is lesser than geostationary satellite so the its data resolution is higher . The major limitations of Polar orbiting satellite is that they can not provide continuous view in one location .
What is the approximate residence time of atmospheric water? A) 4000 years B) 123123213123 days C) 150 years D) 9 days E) 6000 years
Answer:
The correct option is d) 9 days
Explanation:
First of all the water cycle which is also termed as hydrologic cycle, tells about the continuous movement of water above, below and on the earth's surface.
The residence time of atmospheric water means the amount of time water molecule would spend in a reservoir, which is with in the hydrologic cycle.
Usually the residence time in the atmosphere is 9 days, after evaporation and before it starts condensing and falling to the earth in form of percipitation.
1. Word analysis. examine the words and/or phrases for each question below and determine the relationship among the majority of words /phrases. chooses the options that does not fit the pattern.
a. merthane
b. chlorofluorocarbons
c. nitrous oxide
d.oxygen
2. Word analysis. examine the words and/or phrases for each question below and determine the relationship among the majority of words /phrases. chooses the options that does not fit the pattern.
a. solar variability
b. volcanic activity
c. movement of lithospheric plates
d. deforestation
3. Word analysis. examine the words and/or phrases for each question below and determine the relationship among the majority of words /phrases. chooses the options that does not fit the pattern.
a. nuclear power
b. coal
c. natural gas
d. petroleum
4. Word analysis. examine the words and/or phrases for each question below and determine the relationship among the majority of words /phrases. chooses the options that does not fit the pattern.
a. paleoclimatology
b. sea-level rise
c. increasing ocean acidity
d. arctic changes
Answer:
1) d. oxygen
2) d. deforestation
3) a. nuclear power
4) a. paleoclimatology
Explanation:
1) d. oxygen
option d is correct because above three options are green house gas.
2) d. deforestation
deforestation does not fit the pattern because deforestation is the phenomenon which is caused by human but rest option are natural.
3) a. nuclear power
rest options are natural resources coal, petroleum and natural gas are extracted from nature.
4) a. paleoclimatology
paleoclimatology is the study of change of climate where as rest options are effect of climate change.
Answer:
As given in the problem statement,I reckon oxygen is not in the pattern as it is not a green house gas.
volcanic activity is not fit for the words as all other words are related to the solar but this is related to the environment.
nuclear power is not fit for the words as all other words related to the environment.
Describe the three ways in which rocks deform.
Answer:
When rocks deform in a ductile manner, instead of fracturing to form faults or joints, they may bend or fold, and the resulting structures are called folds. Folds result from compressional stresses or shear stresses acting over considerable time.
Explanation:
Why are large-scale chemical attacks difficult to accomplish?
Answer Explanation:
An attack which is due to toxic gasses or chemicals on any place is called chemical attacks. Chemical attacks have genetic and mental effects. it is difficult to accomplish large scaled chemicals attacks. these difficulties are.
it needs a particular temperature which is mostly very high in case of chemical attacks which is not which is not possible to provide.it is difficult to hold large chemical weaponsfor large scaled chemical attacks we need very huge amount of chemicals which is not easily available.there is also a difficulty to drop chemical bombs or weapons at right placeQ1 Which of the following rocks form from solidifying magma?
sedimentary
igneous
metamorphic
Q2 Earthquakes involve shaking of the Earth as a result of:
the release of seismic energy
the breaking of ocean waves on shore
changes in the Earth's orbital path
Q3 Which of the following is most associate with the earth's internal energy and processes?
the erosion of high alpine peaks by glacial processes
the sculpting of bedrock slopes by wind
the uplift of crustal blocks by tectonic forces
rapid erosion in areas with steeply sloping streams
Q4 Which of the following features are associated with stratovolcanoes?
conical shape
effusive eruption
often found in hotspots
Q5 Place the following internal layers of the Earth into the proper order from the center to the surface.
liquid core, solid core, crust, mantle
mantle, solid core, liquid core, crust
crust, mantle, liquid core, solid core
solid core, liquid core, mantle, crust
Q6 The uplift of mountains is caused by
endogenic (generated from inside) processes.
aggradation.
denudation.
exogenic (generated from outside) forces.
Q1. igneous
The rocks that form from solidifying magma and lava are the igneous rocks. These rocks are the ones that form first, and later, over the course of millions of years, they gradually transform into metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. The igneous rocks are the hardest rocks, and the formation is closely associated with the intense geological activities, especially the volcanic activities. The igneous rocks that form inside the ground are called intrusive igneous rocks, while the ones that form on the surface are called extrusive igneous rocks.
Q2. the release of seismic energy
The earthquakes are natural occurrences that happens on places where there is internal adjustments in the crust. As the tectonic plates move, they cause lot of pressure on each other, and as they do, the rocks inside the ground break under the immense pressure. As the rocks break, they make gaps inside the crust, which in turn causes the rocks above the gap to fall and fill in the gap. As the rocks adjust themselves, lot of seismic energy is released, and this energy is manifested through very strong vibrations, that tend to move more vertically inside the crust, and horizontally on the surface.
Q3. the uplift of crustal blocks by tectonic forces
The Earth has numerous tectonic plates, and they are not static, but instead are constantly moving and create lot of pressure and energy on each other. This movement is triggered by the convection currents from the mantle layer. One of the products of this constant pressure and energy is the uplifting of crustal blocks. This happens on places where two tectonic plates are colliding or there is a subduction zone. Because of the pressure from bellow, the crustal blocks are pushed upward, resulting in the formations of hills, plateaus, mountains, as well as valleys in between them.
Q4. conical shape
The stratovolcanoes are volcanoes that are characterized by their conical shape. They have steep sides at the upper half, and gentle sloped sides at the lower half, and are the dominant landfrom in the area where they are located, usually sticking out significantly from everything surrounding them. These volcanoes are considered to be the most dangerous, as they have very explosive eruptions, so there's lot of toxins and pyrocalstic material all over the area when they erupt.
Q5. solid core, liquid core, mantle, crust
The Earth is not uniform in its composition, but instead it has several layers. The layers are in order from the center toward the surface in accordance of their composition. In general, we can say that the heaviest elements have sunk toward the center, while the lighter ones have been pushed toward the surface. The deepest layer, thus in the center, is the solid core, made out of metals. Second comes the liquid core, made out of molten metals. Third is the mantle layer, being composed of molten minerals, rocks, as well as having lot of gasses. On the top is the crust, being the thinnest, coolest layer, made out of the lightest elements.
Q6. endogenic (generated from inside) processes
The uplift of mountains happens as a result of the tectonic processes. As the tectonic plates move, some of them move toward each other, creating either a boundary where they collide, or a subduction zone. Both of these types of boundaries cause lot of pressure on the crust, and they push it upward. As the crust is gradually pushed upward, the area starts to gain on elevation, forming mountain ranges over the course of millions of years.
A plot of sunrise position as a function of time of the year looks like the following: a) straight line B) parabola C) wave D) inverse line
Answer:
B) Parabola
Explanation: The function sunrise can be seen as the function
F( t = day of the year ) = hour of the day when the sun appears.
There are two important days in a year: - 21 of July, the summer solstice, and, -21 of December, the winter solstice.
The 21 of July is the day of the year when the sun appears the earliest, and, the 21 of December is the day of the year when the sun appears the latest.
We measure the sunrise in on year, i.e, 366 days, we begin to measure the 21 of December and end our measurements the 21 of December of the next year. Hence, t=0 corresponds to the 21 of December, t=366 corresponds to the 21 of December of the next year and t_mid=366/2 corresponds to the 21 of July.
It holds that F(0)=F(366) is the minimum of the function and F(t_mid) is the maximum of the function. Between t=0 and t_mid F(t) is decreasing, also between t_mid and t=366 F(t) is increasing. Moreover, by the way that the earth travels around the sun, we can assume that F(t) is symmetric with respect to t_mid. Finally, by plotting or drawing F(t), for t between 0 and 366, looks like a parabola facing downwards.
What would be the result in the ocean life if there were a sudden change in thermocline and thermohaline circulation?
If there is a sudden change in the thermocline and thermohaline circulations in the ocean waters, the organisms that live in the ocean waters would suffer badly, and there's a even a high chance of a mass extinction occurring. The reason for such a devastating effect will be that the water temperature will change, the salinity levels will change, and the amount of nutrients and at which depth they will be will change. Since every living organism is adapted to be able to survive in a particular environment, sudden changes in it will put the organisms in a situation where they are not suited to survive in such conditions, so t=they will most probably die out.
In Oklahoma, why do injections wells cause earthquakes, and what type of wells are these?
Answer:
Due to fluid flowing down to the fracture
Explanation:
Many scientist and policy maker discovered that depth-volume joint impacts are critical, and the amount of INJECTED MATERIAL becomes more important at point where surface of sedimentary rocks contact crystalline strata rocks and it is capable to cause earthquakes — The main reason behind this massive earthquake is the percolation through deep well which allow easy access to liquid to flow down to fracture that are more susceptible to earthquake.
Normal faults are ____.
associated with forces that push rocks together
a type of strike-slip fault
associated with anticlines and synclines
produced by shearing tectonic forces
associated with tensional tectonic force
Answer:
Normal faults are associated with tensional tectonic force.
Explanation:
A Fault , in geology represents a planar fracture in a rock , there can be large faults , which are formed by the action of the tectonic forces , even the rapid movement of these tectonic plates on any active fault can lead to an earthquake.
There are two types of fault possible ,
Normal fault and Reverse fault.
In a normal fault , the hanging wall moves in downward direction with respect to the footwall , and , in reverse faults, the footwall moves in downward direction with respect to the hanging wall.
Normal faults are associated with tensional tectonic force and occur when rocks are being pulled apart. They are characterized by a steeply inclined fault plane and a downward movement of the hanging wall.
Explanation:Normal faults are associated with tensional tectonic force. They occur when rocks are being pulled apart, causing one side of the fault to drop down relative to the other side. This type of fault is characterized by a steeply inclined fault plane and a hanging wall that moves downward. Normal faults are common in areas of extension, such as divergent plate boundaries where tectonic forces are pulling the Earth's crust apart.
Examples of normal faults can be found in the East African Rift System and the Basin and Range Province in the western United States. Unlike normal faults, strike-slip faults are associated with shearing tectonic forces and result in horizontal displacement along the fault plane. Anticlines and synclines, on the other hand, are types of folds in rock layers that are typically associated with compressional forces.
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Why are source rocks always sedimentary? a. Sedimentary rocks are most abundant at the surface. b. Sedimentary rocks are the only rocks formed in the ocean. c. Sedimentary rocks contain pores for plankton to live in. d. Sedimentary rocks are the only rocks that contain fossils.
Answer:
d. Sedimentary rocks are the only rocks that contain fossils.
If high tide is at noon, the next high tide will be at… the answer is Midnight
Answer:
Explained
Explanation:
If high tide is at noon, the next high tide would be close to midnight but not exactly at midnight, as it takes about 12 hours and 25 minutes for the next high tide to occur. So if the first high tide happens at the noon then the next high tide might be around 12:25 AM .
Earth rotates 180\degrees in 12 hours, whereas moon rotates only 6\degrees in 12 hrs , which means every coastal area experience a high tide in every 12 hours and 25 minutes or so.
Final answer:
Tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the Moon and are influenced by the position of the Sun. High tide occurs approximately every 12 hours, so if it's high tide at noon, the next high tide will be around midnight.
Explanation:
The question concerns the pattern of the ocean's tides, which are primarily caused by the gravitational pull of the Moon on Earth's oceans. As the Earth rotates, any given point on Earth's surface passes through the two tidal bulges caused by the Moon. Since the Earth rotates once in about 24 hours, and because there are two high tides within that period, this leads to roughly 12 hours between one high tide and the next.
In this case, if high tide occurs at noon, the next high tide would be expected approximately 12 hours later, which would be at midnight. Besides the moon's influence, the sun also plays a role in tidal patterns. During spring tides, which occur when the Earth, Moon, and Sun are aligned, the highest tides happen. Conversely, during neap tides, when the Sun lies at a 90-degree angle to the Earth-Moon alignment, the lowest tides occur.
define unconformity?
also describe the types of unconformity.
Answer: Unconformity is the procedure between two rocks having a contact. It is usually observed that upper unit of rock is younger in nature compared to the lower unit of rock.
Explanation: There are different types of unconformities such as:
Disconformities- it is a uncoformity which has a parallel nature along with the rocks in the sedimentary form during the phase of erosionNon-conformities - it is a unconformity that creates the separation between the sedimentary rocks and other rocks like igneous rocks. They usually display the erosion that has occurred long time back.Angular unconformities-it is also a type of separation that is present between the younger rocks and the older rocks units.Answer:
Three diffferent type of unconformity are
Disconfirmity, Nonconformity, Angular conformity
Explanation:
The point of conjoin between two rock is known as unconformity. The unconformity in above rock is much younger than lower rock.
The three different types of unconformity are:-
Disconfirmity: In this, the layers are parallel on both sides
Nonconformity: In this, the igneous rocks are attached with sedimentary rocks
Angular conformity: In this, the tilted rocks are mostly lying below the flat rocks
Which of the following is NOT true of the Columbia River project? a. Its consideration of environmental impact (such as accommodation for fish) became a model for future dam projects on western rivers. b. It promoted economic growth and provided jobs. c. Its result, the Grand Coulee Dam, eventually produced the cheapest electricity in the nation. d. It typified New Deal public-works programs designed to keep natural resources in public rather than private control. e. For years, residents had dreamed of using the Columbia River for energy.
Answer:
a. Its consideration of environment impact (such as accommodation for fish) became a model for future dam projects on western rivers
Explanation:
The Columbia River project was a project of great significance for the whole region, especially for the state of Washington. This project had many positive impacts such as production of electricity, irrigation for more than half of the farmlands, development of the area, opening up new jobs. One very big problem though was the impact on the species of fish in the river. As most of them are migratory species, with the building of the dam they were stopped in their movement, thus they became restricted to the upper part of the river. Also, the water and composition of the water changed, and all of these things contributed to significant reduction of the populations of the native species of fish.
Continental crust grows, recycles, and evolves by direct means of both, ________ and _________.
seafloor spreading and terrane accretion
seafloor spreading and hot spot magmatism
seafloor spreading and subduction magmatism
terrane accretion and subduction magmatism
earthquakes and volcanism
Answer: seafloor spreading and subduction magmatism
Explanation: Continental crust are termed as the crust destroyed by plate tectonic process mostly.Continental crust usually lies above sea level and because of this existence of land life to evolve from marine life possible.
Seafloor spreading is a type of process in which tectonic plate of Earth's lithosphere separate from one another. Subduction is also a process related with continental crust that occurs when tectonic plates collide with each other rather than getting apart.
Which of the following best describes "clear cutting" as used under the chapter on Natural Resources Select one: a. is more destructive of old growth forests than selective cutting of individual trees. o b. is more economical than selective cutting. O c. all of these are fallacies propagated by environmental extremists. d. is more destructive of old growth forests (e.g. including snowed areas and/sloped land) than selective cutting of individual trees and is also (at the same time) more economical than selective cutting
Answer:
b. is more economical than selective cutting
Explanation:
"Clear-cutting" is more economical than selective cutting. Thus, option A is correct.
What are resources?The components or the supply of products and objects that would aid in the utility process are known as resources. Both resources and energy can be renewable. A person can have varying needs for resources depending on how much resources are available and what they seek.
The clear-cutting is a factor that seeks that the resources are less wasted as compared to selective cutting. Little planning is necessary for clearcutting, but substantial quantities of timber are handled on smaller areas of land.
Compared to selecting the total forest branch by plant and then removing only the most suitable trees, transparency could be more cost-effective and time-efficient.
Therefore, option A is the correct option.
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Which is the best example of a thesis statement for an argumentative essay about zoos and animal welfare?
1) Although many people feel that keeping animals captive in zoos is cruel, zoos are necessary for animal conservation and research.
2) Zoos have been around for thousands of years, and each year they draw millions of people to see the variety of animals they house.
3) Many animals die prematurely in zoos because they are exposed to infectious diseases.
4) Animals can be bred at zoos to increase their population and to combat extinction.
Answer:
1) Although many people feel that keeping animals captive in zoos is cruel, zoos are necessary for animal conservation and research.
Although many people feel that keeping animals captive in zoos is cruel, zoos are necessary for animal conservation and research is the best example of a thesis statement for an argumentative essay about zoos and animal welfare.
What is research?Research is a process of systematized inquiry that entails the collection of data documentation of critical collection; and analysis and interpretation of that data/aggregation, in accordance with suitable epistemologies set by specific occupational group fields and academic discipline
The effects of confinement on one's physical and mental health can be extremely detrimental. While zoos have been extremely beneficial in protecting endangered animals, some species cannot be saved by zoos. For instance, the majority of large predators raised in captivity, such as lions and tigers, perish when released into the wild.
The majority of individuals concur that eating fast food is unhealthy. It is arguable whether the size of sodas sold at fast-food restaurants should be regulated by the federal government because junk food is detrimental to your health. The statement is open to reasonable agreement or disagreement.
Therefore, Thus option (A) is correct.
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Geographically, a shield and surrounding platform together are ________. A. a low-lying region where Precambrian rocks crop out B. a low-lying region where Precambrian rocks are covered by Phanerozoic sedimentary strata C. a region of compressed rock located behind a volcanic arc at a convergent continental margin D. synonymous with “craton”
D. synonymous with "craton"
Answer:
the answer is D. synonymous with “craton”
Briefly define open pit method of mineral exploration.
please define stepwise
Answer and Explanation:
An open pit method of mineral exploration is also known as open cast miningit is a process of exploration of mineral from from an open pit this method is used when deposits are found near the surface.the process begins with upper layer of surface is removed and then after that all layers are removed until the we find the coalAfter removal of coal it is processed and sold.Which of the following are not required components of the definition of a mineral (select all that apply)
a.Naturally occurring
b.Does not have chemical variation
c.Solid
d.Consistent color
e.Orderly crystalline structure
f.Organic
Answer:
d.Consistent color
f.Organic
Explanation:
A mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic element or compound having an orderly internal structure and a definite chemical composition, crystal form, and physical properties.
Minerals are naturally occuring substances. This implies that they are not synthetic materials that are manufactured in the laboratory.
They are also inorganic element or compound that are not formed through biological processes in living organisms.
The structures of minerals are ordered and internally well arranged.
Compositions of minerals are usually definte but can vary over a narrow range.
Minerals are solids.
The components that are not required in the definition of a mineral include not having chemical variation, having a consistent color, and being organic.
Explanation:
The definition of a mineral does not really include its color, whether it has chemical variation, or if it's organic. In actuality, a mineral is required to be naturally occurring, solid, and have an orderly crystalline structure.
b. Does not have chemical variation is not essential as minerals can indeed have slight chemical variations within a given species. d. Consistent color is likewise not a part of the definition; minerals often come in a variety of colors thanks to impurities in their crystalline structures. Lastly, f. Organic is not required, because minerals are, by definition, inorganic substances.
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what is mean by electromagnetic spectrum? of what type of waves does it consist?
Answer:
Set of electromagnetic radiation.
Explanation:
The electromagnetic spectrum is the energetic distribution of the set of electromagnetic radiation. It consists of electromagnetic waves, which are composed by an electric field and a magnetic field. Every object emits and absorbs these kinds of radiations. This spectrum encompasses from Gamma rays, which are highly energetic electromagnetic waves with high frequency and short wavelength, to Radio waves, which are low energetic electromagnetic waves with low frequency and long wavelength. The visible light, like the sunlight, is only a tiny portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, the rest of the electromagnetic waves are invisible to the human eye, like infrared light, UV light, X-rays, and microwaves, but they can be perceived and be measured with proper filters.
“Fly to” these latitude and longitude coordinates 27.988406N, 86.924983E. Once you are there push the up arrow on the eye controller until your viewing angle is parallel with the ground, then rotate your view. What feature are you looking at? What is its elevation?
I am looking at the summit of Mt. Everest. Its elevation is 8,848 meters above sea level. I am cold, and having trouble breathing.
A basalt forms under which of the following conditions?
An intermediate lava cooling at earth's surface.
A mafic lava cooling at earth's surface.
A silicic magma cooling deep underground.
A silicic lava cooling at earth's surface.
A mafic magma cooling deep underground.
Answer: A mafic lava cooling at earth's surface
Explanation: Basalt is the mafic igneous rock formed by the cooling of the magnesium rich and iron rich lava exposed area rapidly.It is mostly crushed for the purpose of using in construction projects. So,when mafic lava cools down on the surface of the Earth it forms basalt or basaltic lava . It is usually found in the form of columns on the Earth's surface.
What happens to volcanoes as they move away from magma source (plume)?
Answer:
When the crust bearing the volcano moves away from the plume, the volcano becomes extinct
Explanation:
A plume is a warm rock cresting column that arises deep within the mantle, potentially just over the limit of the core mantle. Plume are believed to increase at about 10 times the pace of convection of the mantle. The volcano is active when it is directly above the plume. When the crust bearing the volcano moves away from the plume, the volcano becomes extinct. But the volcanic cone's composition continues.
Question 3- worth 10 marks List at least one (1) primary producer, (ii) herbivore, (ii) omnivore, and (iv) carnivore for each of the following biomes. a. temperate grassland (2 marks) b. Mediterranean biome (2 marks) c. tropical rainforest (2 marks) d. tundra biome (2 marks) e. montane forest (2 marks)
A. producer - clover
herbivore - bison
omnivore - prairie dog
carnivore - black-footed ferret
The temperate grasslands are biomes that are located at the mid-latitudes. The climate is semi-arid, having only seasonal rainfall, and the majority of the year being dry. The landscape is dominated by grasses and flowers. One of the producers in this biome is the clover, which in turn is a food source for the herbivores like the bison. The prairie dig is a very opportunistic eater, and it is omnivore, eating both plants and animals. The black-footed ferret is one of the few predators in this biome, and even though it is small, it is a ferocious predator which feeds exclusively on meat.
B. producer - oak
herbivore - hair
omnivore - badger
carnivore - jackal
The Mediterranean biome can be found on several places around the globe, though it is usually small areas in question, such as the Mediterranean coastline, the southwestern part of Australia, small part of Chile, California, and the Cape area in RSA. This biome is characterized with hot and dry summers, pleasant spring and autumn, and mild, rainy winters. The oak is one of the major producers in this biome. The hair is one of the most common herbivores, while the badger is one of the most prominent omnivores. Both of these species though are often on the menu of the predatory jackal. In general, the animals in this biome tend to be small, or small toward medium size.
C. producer - palm tree
herbivore - tapir
omnivore - coati
carnivore - ocelot
The tropical rainforest is the biome that has the biggest abundance of species, be it plants or animals. It is a biome where it is constantly summer, and where there is very large amounts of precipitation. It can be found at the Equator and in close proximity to it. The palm trees are one of the most common producers in this biome, having high speciation as well. The tapir is one of the largest herbivores, which is also a very dangerous and aggressive animal. A good example of an omnivore is the coati, feeding on anything from small animals, insects, fruits, tubers. The ocelot is a cat that is a predator as all other cats, often hunting on the canopies, with wide range of prey animals on its menu.
D. producer - moss
herbivore - reindeer
omnivore - arctic fox
carnivore - polar bear
The tundra is one of the harshest biomes on the planet. It is covered with ice and snow for most of the year, the temperatures are extremely low, the winds strong, and the summer is very short and mild. The organisms living here have special adaptations to survive in these harsh conditions, such as double layer of fur, wider paws, wider nostrils, larger heart. There are not many producers in the tundra, and the most common is the moss, and that is only in short space of time. The reindeer is one of the largest herbivores in this biome, while the largest land predator is also found in here, the polar bear. The arctic fox is very opportunistic when it comes to food sources, and it eats anything that it can find and digest.
E. producer - pine tree
herbivore - squirrel
omnivore - black bear
carnivore - lynx
The montane forest is a biome found in the higher mountains. This biome has several variations, depending on the elevation. In general, it has mild summers, wet springs and autumns, and snowy, cold winters. One of the most common producers in this biome are the pine trees, which produce lot of food for the herbivorous squirrel. The black bear is the dominant omnivore, eating meat, fish, berries, and everything else that is eatable in order to accumulate fat for the winter. The lynx is one of the top predators in this biome, praying on variety of small and medium sized animals.
As more ice in the Arctic Ocean melts, what effect does this have on the water? a. There is no effect on heat absorption. b. Heat absorption increases as the albedo decreases. c. Heat absorption increases as the albedo increases. d. Heat absorption decreases as the albedo decreases.
Answer:
Heat absorption increases as the albedo decreases. B
Explanation:
The effects when more ice in the Arctic Ocean melts have on the water is "Heat absorption increases as the albedo decreases"
As more ice melts in the Arctic ocean, the heat absorption of the water increases as the albedo decreases. This means water retains more heat as ices melts.Albedo refers to the segment of the solar energy reflected from the earth surface back into space.Therefore, heat absorption of the water increases as the albedo increases when ice in the Arctic ocean melts.
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The distinction between a valley and a canyon is ________. A. nonexistent; the two terms are synonymous B. that the sides of a canyon are more steep than those of a valley C. that the sides of a valley are more steep than those of a canyon D.that valleys are often cut by streams, whereas canyons are eroded by the wind.
B) That the sides of a canyon are more steep than those of a valley
The distinction between a valley and a canyon is that the sides of a canyon are more steep than those of a valley. Hence, option B is correct.
What is canyon?A deep, narrow valley with steep sides and frequently a stream flowing through it; something resembling a canyon. concrete canyons in the city. The most famous example of a canyon is the Grand Canyon of the Colorado River, located in northern Arizona.
There are prominent undersea canyons that span continental shelves and descend continental slopes in many parts of the world.
A canyon is a deep valley that has been eroded into the earth's surface over a lengthy period of time by a river that is running. It is also known as a gorge and often has very steep walls and rocky rocks. The Grand Canyon, which the Colorado River carved out, is one of the best-known examples.
Thus, option B is correct.
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