Answer:
D) DNA
Explanation:
The Hershe-Chase experiments were a series of expremients conducted in 1952 by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase that helped to confirm that DNA is the genetic material (Unit of inheritance).
In their experiments, Hershey and Chase showed that when bacteriophages which were composed of DNA and Protien, infect bacteria, their DNA enters the host bacterial cell, but most of their protien does not. Although the results were not conclusive, and Hershey and Chase were cautious in their interpretation, previous, contemporanous, and subsequent discoveries all served to prove that DNA IS THE HEREDITARY MATERIAL.
Hershey and Chase's experiments with T2 bacteriophage and E. coli used radioactive isotopes to show that DNA, marked by 32P, not protein, was the hereditary material since it was found inside the cells. So the correct option is D.
Explanation:Hershey and Chase conducted experiments to confirm what molecule served as the unit of inheritance by using the T2 bacteriophage, a virus that infects E. coli. They labeled the phage with two different radioactive isotopes, 32P, and 35S, to distinguish between DNA and protein within the phage. The 32P-labeled DNA was found inside the bacterial cells after infection, while the 35S-labeled proteins remained outside the cells. This crucial result led to the conclusion that DNA, not protein, is the molecule responsible for heredity.
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When Mendel self-pollinated plants from the purple-flowered F1 generation, he saw that one out of every four plants in the F2 had white flowers. What reasoning did Mendel use to explain how the white, hidden trait reappeared?
Answer:
The reasoning that Mendel uses to explain how the white hidden trait reappeared was that only offsprings that have two recessive alleles show the hidden trait.
Explanation:
The F1 generation had two different alleles, one that coded for purples flowers and one that coded for white flowers, the allele for white flowers was hidden by the dominant allele, that is why the F1 generation were purple flowers. In the F2 generation, the two alleles that coded for flower color were the same, which means that they were both recessive and, as a result, the F2 generation of flowers was white because there was not a dominant allele that hid the other one.
Multiple anterior rootlets arise from the spinal cord and merge to form a single ____________ root, which contains ____________ axons only. These axons arise from cell bodies in the anterior and ____________ horns of the spinal cord. Posterior rootlets arise from a single ____________ root, which contains ____________ axons only. The cell bodies of these neurons are located in a ____________ , which is within the posterior root. Each anterior root and its corresponding posterior root unite within the ____________ to become a spinal nerve.
Final answer:
Motor axons from the ventral horn form the ventral nerve root, and sensory axons from the dorsal root ganglion form the dorsal nerve root. These unite to become a spinal nerve.
Explanation:
Multiple anterior rootlets arise from the spinal cord and merge to form a single ventral (anterior) nerve root, which contains motor axons only. These axons arise from cell bodies in the anterior and lateral horns of the spinal cord. Posterior rootlets arise from a single dorsal (posterior) nerve root, which contains sensory axons only. The cell bodies of these neurons are located in a dorsal (posterior) root ganglion, which is within the posterior root. Each anterior root and its corresponding posterior root unite within the intervertebral foramen to become a spinal nerve.
Cuticle, stomata, and vascular tissue are all key adaptations enabling land plants to _____.
A. grow more quickly
B. survive better in aquatic environments
C. reproduce more quickly
D. colonize land
Answer: (D) colonize land
Explanation:
A population of rabbits live in a local forest. Some had a mutation for a Large Body
and Long Legs. The graph below shows the number of both the mutant and the
normal rabbits over 5 generations. Which of the following statements is true for this
scenario?
A.) the rabbits with the mutation were more successful with restricted food than normal rabbits
B.) Both sets of rabbits were equally successful with the restricted food source
C.) the normal rabbits were more successful with restricted food than the rabbits with the mutation
Explanation:
A.) the rabbits with the mutation were more successful with restricted food than normal rabbits.
From the graph, it is concluded that the rabbits with the mutation were more successful with restricted food than normal rabbits, which are present in Option A, as the mutant rabbits increase as generations grow but the normal rabbits decline.
What is the significance of the mutation of the traits?A mutation of a trait is significant because mutation can cause changes in the DNA sequence of an organism and variations in its traits, and genetic variations can provide a source of diversity within a population, which can sometimes be beneficial or detrimental.
Hence, from the graph, it is concluded that the rabbits with the mutation were more successful with restricted food than normal rabbits, which are present in Option A, as the mutant rabbits increase as generations grow but the normal rabbits decline.
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A certain substance inhibits sleep, increases alertness, and speeds up central nervous system. It easily becomes habit forming, with rapid development of tolerance. Chronic users experience paranoid delusions and brain damage. What drug is this?
When they sleep the want to reduce the high number of risk in the chronic.
What is nervous system?Signals are sent from the brain to the rest of the body, including the internal organs, via the nervous system.
Thus, the nervous system's activity regulates a variety of functions, including the capacity to move, breathe, see, and think.
The nerve cell, or neuron, is the building block of the neurological system. There are around 100 billion neurons in the human brain. A neuron has a cell body, which contains the cell nucleus, as well as distinct extensions known as axons and dendrites.
Therefore, When they sleep the want to reduce the high number of risk in the chronic.
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Fungi:_____
a) are single-celled organisms are filled with chlorophyll release enzymes that digest cells.
b) are least likely to attach hair covered areas of the body obtain their food by photosynthesis
At 20°C the enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of polysaccharides functions at 1 reaction every 20 microseconds. If this enzyme catalyzes hydrolysis reactions of a very long polysaccharide molecule for 120 microseconds, into how many segments would this long polysaccharide be cut?
Answer:
Seven segments
Explanation:
As given in the question -
After every twenty microseconds one reaction occurs i.e breakdown of polysaccharides.
This means that after every twenty microseconds the polysaccharides is broken down
The total time for this hydrolysis reaction is [tex]120[/tex] micro seconds
Thus , there will be six phases of division each after every twenty microseconds
After 1st twenty microseconds , total segments is equal to two
After 2nd twenty microseconds , total segments is equal to three
After 3rd twenty microseconds , total segments is equal to four
After 4th twenty microseconds , total segments is equal to five
After 5th twenty microseconds , total segments is equal to six
After 6th twenty microseconds , total segments is equal to seven
The enzyme amylase would cut the long polysaccharide into 6 segments.
Explanation:Enzymes play a crucial role in breaking down macromolecules in our bodies. Specifically, amylase is the enzyme responsible for breaking down polysaccharides such as starch into smaller glucose molecules. Given that the enzyme functions at a rate of 1 reaction every 20 microseconds at 20°C, and it catalyzes the reaction for 120 microseconds, we can calculate the number of segments the long polysaccharide would be cut into.
First, we can determine the number of reactions that occur in 120 microseconds by dividing the total time by the rate of the enzyme: 120 microseconds / 20 microseconds per reaction = 6 reactions.
Since each reaction cuts the polysaccharide into smaller segments, the long polysaccharide would be cut into 6 segments in this case.
What is not true about the lactiferous ducts and sinuses? what is not true about the lactiferous ducts and sinuses? they produce milk for the newborn their function is performed only by females they are part of the mammary glands they are part of the uterus?
Explanation:
They are part of the uterus is not true about the lactiferous ducts and sinuses
Lactiferous ducts are the 15-20 tubular drains for the lobes of the mammary glands which converge to open at the tip of the nipple; their distal ends are expanded to form lactiferous sinuses to store milk, which is produced gradually, until it can be released during bouts of nursing which stimulates an autonomic reflex and is assisted by oxytocin release for milk letdownLactiferous sinus is the short oval enlarged dilation of each lactiferous duct in the breast tissue just beneath the nipple; in lactating females, this is a storage depot for milk, which is produced gradually by the alveoli, and will be expressed from the nipple by compression as the infant begins to nurseThe function of antibodies is to A. inject toxins into living pathogens. B. mark pathogenic cells for destruction. C. act as Toll-like receptors. D. release perforins to disrupt infected cells. E. secrete cytokines that attract macrophages to infection sites.
Answer:
Mark pathogenic cells for destruction. (Ans. B)
Explanation:
Antibodies are generated by the plasma cells, and once these secreted, they attach quickly to the surface of the toxin and stop the toxin from infecting the normal body cell by blocking key extracellular sites.
Antibodies also help to mark pathogens for destruction by the help of macrophages or neutrophils and they are known as phagocytic cells because they are highly excited to macro-molecules complexed with antibodies.
Upon centrifugation of an antibody screen procedure done by the gel system, the red blood cell agglutinates are dispersed throughout the gel column with a few agglutinates at the bottom of the microtubes.
This reaction should be graded as a:
A. 4+
B. 3+
C. 2+
D. 1+
E. Negative
Answer:
The correct answer is option C. "2+".
Explanation:
A common procedure to test for the presence of antigens is to perform an agglutination reaction by performing an antibody screen. In an agglutination reaction that is graded 2+ the red blood cells start to be broken and medium-sized agglutinates are formed. In this reaction no red blood cells are free, only agglutinates are seen at the bottom of the microtubes. The characteristics of the reaction herein described concur with an agglutination reaction that is graded 2+.
Although bread has a water activity of approximately 0.96 (high enough to support bacteria, yeast and mold growth) refrigeration temperatures that slow down the rate of microbial growth are not ideal for bread due to the quality issues (i.e. starch retrogradation) that are actually accelerated at refrigeration temperatures.
A. True
B. False
Answer:
A.True
Explanation:
Although bread has a water activity of approximately 0.96 (high enough to support bacteria, yeast and mold growth) refrigeration temperatures that slow down the rate of microbial growth are not ideal for bread due to the quality issues (i.e. starch retrogradation) that are actually accelerated at refrigeration temperatures.
The statement is true. There is no as such explanation to this answer as everything is already mentioned in the question itself.
Do Zygote Fungi have loosely arranged hyphae?
Answer:yes
Explanation:
what is heterotrophs
Answer:
A heterotroph is an organism that cannot produce its own food
Explanation:
Final answer:
Heterotrophs are organisms that cannot produce their own food and must obtain it by consuming other organisms. They are dependent on autotrophs for energy-rich compounds, highlighting the interconnectedness of ecosystems. Heterotrophs include animals, fungi, and many protists and bacteria.
Explanation:
Heterotrophs are organisms that cannot manufacture their own food through processes like photosynthesis or chemosynthesis and must, therefore, acquire it by consuming other organisms. These organisms gain the energy and carbon they require from food sources ranging from plants to other animals or organic molecules, which trace back to autotrophs that convert solar energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis. Heterotrophs can be classified as herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, and decomposers, based on their dietary habits.
Heterotrophs include not only animals and fungi but many protists and bacteria as well. Their survival is intricately linked to the presence of autotrophs, as the latter produce the fundamental energy-rich organic compounds that heterotrophs consume. Even in more complex food chains, the energy ingested by heterotrophs originates from autotrophs, showcasing the interconnected nature of all life within an ecosystem.
How might an RNA-based genome result in an increased infection rate? What are some potential complications to this infection strategy?
RNA-based genomes can increase infection rates due to RNA viruses' adaptability and mutation rates. However, there are potential complications, such as drug resistance and the generation of new viral strains through recombination events.
Explanation:Viruses can increase infection rates with an RNA-based genome through various mechanisms. For example, RNA viruses generally have higher mutation rates than DNA viruses, allowing them to adapt quickly to evade the host's immune system. This increased adaptability can result in higher infection rates. Additionally, some RNA viruses encode their own enzymes to replicate their genomes, which can result in errors during replication and lead to generating new viral strains with increased infectivity.
However, there can be potential complications to this infection strategy. The high mutation rate of RNA viruses can also lead to the development of drug resistance, making it difficult to treat infections effectively. Furthermore, some RNA-based genomes may have a higher likelihood of recombination events, which can generate new viral strains with different virulence or host tropism, contributing to the potential complications of RNA-based infection strategies.
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The Miller-Urey experiment showed:_________
a) life could be generated in their apparatus after one week.
b) the essential biological molecules associated with living organisms could be generated in an "abiotic" environment.
c) the essential biological molecules associated with life cannot be generated in an "abiotic" environment.
d) conditions in the "primitive Earth environment" could have generated complex molecules.
Answer:
D. They used simple molecules from early times and put them in a simulation from that time and it made complex ones that we have now.
The registered nurse is teaching a student nurse about physiologic changes in the diuretic phase of a patient with acute kidney disease.
Which statement by the student nurse about the diuretic phase indicates effective learning? Select all that apply.
a) "The diuretic phase lasts for one to three weeks."
b) "Urine volume decreases in the diuretic phase."
c) "Hypovolemia occurs during the diuretic phase."
d) "The kidneys will have the ability to concentrate urine."
e) "The creatinine level increases drastically at the end of the diuretic phase."
The presence of a poly-A tail on a RNA molecule indicates that: A. there are exons present that must be removed B. this RNA molecule does not contain introns C. the transcript should be immediately degraded D. this is a rRNA molecule E. None of the above
Answer: E. None of the above
Explanation:
During transcription, a sequence called a polyadenylation signal occurs in an RNA molecule, an enzyme at that site chops the RNA in two. The enzyme adds to the cut end around 100-200 adenine (A) nucleotides which form a poly-A tail at 3' end. The tail make transcript which is more stable and functions to be exported to the cytosol from the nucleus. Some sections of the RNA transcript (introns) are deleted when splicing, and the remaining sections (exons) are kept together.
Hence, the corrcet option is E.
A poly-A tail on an RNA molecule is a characteristic of mRNA, it stabilizes the mRNA, helps it exit the nucleus, and aids in protein synthesis but does not indicate the direct presence of certain RNA types or the need for immediate degradation.
Explanation:The presence of a poly-A tail on an RNA molecule is a signature feature of messenger RNA (mRNA) and it does not directly indicate the presence or absence of exons or introns, nor does it imply that the transcript should be immediately degraded or that it is rRNA molecule. Instead, the poly-A tail functions to stabilize the mRNA molecule, facilitating its export from the nucleus, and aiding in protein synthesis at the ribosome.
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Suppose an object is moving through space in a straight line. What could cause the object to start moving in circles?
Answer:
a secondary force that pulls the object toward a center point
Explanation:
Check all statements below that are true.
All organisms must compete for survival.
When organisms struggle to survive, they usually mutate to increase chances of reproduction.
Some organisms have phenotypes that make them better competitors than others in their
environment
Animals undergo natural selection, but plants and other organisms generally do not.
Natural selection continues to occur even today.
Phenotypes found in the most successful members of a species become the most prevalent afte
several generations.
A decrease in food availability will increase the variation in a population.
DONE
Answer:
1, 3, 5, & 6
Explanation:
Just did it
When an accident happens, your immune system cues up your internal fire alarm: your __________________ response. Instead of sirens, it uses chemicals to get the message out and instead of smoke or fire you sense redness, swelling, heat, and pain.
Answer:Immune
Explanation: When an accident happens your immune response is the response that uses chemicals which may cause redness, swelling, heat, and pain
This activity asks that you place the steps of phagocytosis in the correct order. drag the steps below into the boxes provided to indicate the order in which they occur.
Answer:
Activation of the Phagocyte
Chemotaxis of Phagocytes
Attachment of the Phagocyte to the Microbe or Cell
Ingestion of the Microbe or Cell by the Phagocyte
Destruction of the Microbe or Cell
Explanation:
. Phagocytosis is the primary method used by the body to remove free microorganisms in the blood and tissue fluids.Phagocytic cells include neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and B-lymphocytes. The process of phagocytosis often happens when the cell is trying to destroy something, like a virus or an infected cell, and is often used by immune system cells.Process of phagocytosis is
1.Chemotaxis which is defined as the movement in response to chemical stimulation.
2.Adherence: attachment to a microbe.
3.Ingestion: engulfing pathogen with pseudopodia wrapping around pathogen.
4.Digestion: phagosome maturation.
5.Elimination: phagocytes eliminate remaining pieces of microbe via exocytosis.
There are four main steps in phagocytosis
1. the plasma membrane entraps the food particle
2. a vacuole forms within the cell to contain the food particle
3. lysosomes fuse with the food vacuole
4. enzymes of the lysosomes digest the food particle.
Christian and jonathan are observing different organisms in the science lab. What are the characteristics can be used to classify an organism into a taxonomic domain?
Answer:
Presence of nucleus in cells.
Explanation:
The organisms that are divided into various taxonomic categories are the physical features and the species characteristics decided as per the kingdom they belong to.
What is taxonomic heir achy ?It is defined as the division of the organism based on the decided levels as per the characteristics, mode of reproduction and various activities they perform .
To classify an organism in the domain they belong to firstly they will differentiate the organism on the basis of their physical features, secondly to the cellular level of organisation, mode of reproduction and the various levels. The total of regulatory activities and the mode of organisation decides the taxonomic heir achy.
To classify an organism is super easy just the organism should not share the common features where an organism shows the similarities between two groups. For example platypus is the organism that is mammal but they lay eggs.
Therefore, the level of organisation and activities decide the taxonomic heirachy.
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The nontaxonomic term sea slug encompasses a wide variety of marine gastropods. One feature they share as adults is the lack of a shell. We might think, therefore, that they represent defenseless morsels for predators. In fact, sea slugs have multiple defenses. Some sea slugs prey on sponges and concentrate sponge toxins in their tissues. Others feed on cnidarians, digesting everything except the nematocysts, which they then transfer to their own skins. Whereas the most brightly colored sea slugs are often highly toxic, others are nontoxic and mimic the coloration of the toxic species. Their colors are mostly derived from pigments in their prey. There are also sea slugs that use their coloration to blend into their environments.a.nematocystsb.an incurrent siphonc.a radulad.a mantle cavity
Answer:
Option D, A radula
Explanation:
Complete question
Which structure do sea slugs use to feed on their prey?
A) nematocysts
B) a sharp beak
C) an incurrent siphon
D) a radula
E) a mantle cavity
Solution
Sea slung are known as marine gastropod mollusks and like all other member of the mollusk family, sea slug uses their radula to capture their food.
A radula is basically a chitinous ribbion which is used for holding, cutting and chewing food.
Most of the gastropod mollusks feed on diatoms by grazing and scraping them through radula.
Hence, option D is correct
Describe human behaviors that affect renewable and non-renewable resources.
Explanation:
Renewable and Nonrenewable resources are types of natural resources.
Renewable resources are those resources that can be replaced and renewed naturally such as air, wind whereas nonrenewable resources are those resources that cannot be replaced naturally such as coal, natural gas.
Human behavior has affected the natural resources and its quality.burning of fossil fuels by the human has affected the natural resources by releasing chemicals and toxic substances in the environment.Deforestation, land construction and mining activities have disturbed the ecosystem and natural resources.A large number of factories and vehicle used by the human has affected the natural resources as it affects the natural quality and increase in the demand for fossil fuels has resulted in depletion of the limited resources.Describe 2 homologies (structures that were shared from a common ancestor) between the Zeuglodon and the Orca.
The Zeuglodon and Orca share homologies in their streamlined bodies adapted for aquatic environments and in the skeletal structure of their flippers, both resulting from a shared ancestral origin. These homologies exemplify common evolutionary traits due to shared genetics and embryonic development.
Explanation:Two homologies between the Zeuglodon, an ancient whale, and the modern Orca (killer whale) include their overall bodily structure and specific skeletal elements. Both species have streamlined bodies adapted for efficient movement through water, a characteristic inherited from their common ancestor. This convergent evolution results in a similar body shape that is homologous due to a shared evolutionary history. Moreover, both creatures have homologous structures in their flippers. The bones within the flippers of both the Zeuglodon and Orca are homologous to the bones found in the forelimbs of other mammals. These structures are examples of homology because they have similar embryonic origins and genetic layouts, which are a result of their shared ancestry, despite the different functions the flippers serve in their aquatic environments.
What is most directly responsible for the coupling of excitation to contraction of skeletal muscle fibers?
Answer:
Calcium ions.
Explanation:
Calcium ions are present in the sarcoplasm reticulum and are directly responsible for the coupling of excitation to contraction of skeletal muscle fibers. Propagation of action potentials along with sarcolemma causes a voltage sensitive protein to alter the shape and this alteration releases calcium ions by opening the calcium releasing ion channels to flood the sarcoplasm.
So, the calcium ions are directly responsible for the coupling of excitation to contraction of skeletal muscle fibers.
For biology i have to pretend im a scientist in the year 3020 and i have to create an animal and explain what the worlds climates would look like and i need help i cant think of any....
Please help...
Try mixing two or more animals together to create an animal. Research their physical features, the environment they do well in, senses, etc.
For example:
A cat-like creature with an alligator's tail and a bird's beak.
This creature would have cat-like instincts, but be able to swim underwater to to it's alligator tail (alligators are born to swim) and sing like a bird due to it's beak. Plus you could add anything else you want.
Another thing you could do is look up fantasy animals from video games and get inspired from them!
For worlds, you probably want to build a world that your animal could survive in.
No Man's Sky, a video-game, has endless biomes and worlds that you can take inspiration from for the climate and it's features.
You could also research about any known planets (doesn't have to be in our solar system) and mix two or more together, take aspects from one planet and give it to another, etc!
I hope these ideas helped you a bit :)
The major nonelastic source of resistance to air flow in the respiratory passageways is ________.
explain how a gene from one organism can be inserted into a bacterium yo produce a genetically modified bacterium
Answer:
The genetically modified plasmid is introduced into a new bacteria or yeast cell.
Explanation:
This cell then divides rapidly and starts making insulin. To create large amounts of the cells, the genetically modified bacteria or yeast are grown in large fermentation vessels that contain all the nutrients they need.
Describe the living and nonliving things that define the area or region in which you live. In your area, are there any organisms with which you interact?
Answer:
I interact with my parents and siblings, who are living organisms. However, something that is non-living is the computer that I am typing this answer on.