Explanation:
As molecules in a solid substance are placed closer to each other because of existence of strong forces of attraction. So, these molecules are unable to move randomly but they are able to vibrate at their mean position.Hence, molecules of a solid have low energy.
In gases, molecules are held by weak intermolecular forces. So, they are able to move randomly from one place to another. Hence, they have high kinetic energy.According to Kinetic Molecular Theory, molecules of a gas are always in constant motion and they tend to exhibit a perfect elastic collision.This means that in kinetic molecular theory molecules of a gas are in rapid, random motion.
Boyle's Law states that pressure is inversely proportional to the volume of the gas at constant temperature and number of moles.[tex]P\propto \frac{1}{V}[/tex] (at constant temperature and number of moles)
Charles' Law states that volume is directly proportional to the temperature of the gas at constant pressure and number of moles.[tex]V\propto T[/tex] (at constant pressure and number of moles)
Thus, we can conclude that the given items are matched as follows.
1. gas - continuously in motion.
2. solid matter - low energy.
3. Kinetic Molecular Theory - rapid, random motion.
4. Boyle's Law - relates pressure and volume.
5. Charles's Law - relates volume and temperature.
1. How many negative ones (-1) would you need to balance out one positive 2 (+2)?
Question options:
Two negative ones balance out two positive twos
One negative one balances out one positive two
Two negative ones balance out one positive two
One negative one balances out two positive twos
2. Potassium forms ions with a charge of +1 (Ka+). Iodine forms ions with a charge of -1. Selenium forms ions with a charge of -2 (Se2-).
Imagine that Potassium ions and Selenide ions combine to form Potassium Selenide. What numbers would be in the place of X and Y in:
KXSeY
(Use the number 1 even if it isn't strictly necessary)
X=______ Y =______
3. You are balancing an ionic compound. Let's call it: AB.
Ion A has a charge of +2 and Ion B has a charge of -3.
Therefore, you determine that the ionic compound (AB) will have a ratio of 3 As for every 2 Bs.
How would you modify AB in order to show that they have this 3-to-2 ratio?
Question options:
3A2B
A3B2
A3B2
4. Calcium forms ions with a charge of +2. Iodine forms ions with a charge of -1.
Which of the following would represent an ionic compound composed of Calcium and Iodide ions?
Question options:
CaI2
CaI
Ca2I
Ca2I
2CaI
CaI2
1) The number of negative ones (-1) would you need to balance out one positive 2 (+2) is;
Option C; Two negative ones balance out one positive two
2) The numbers that would be in the place of X and Y in [tex]K_{X}Se_{Y}[/tex] is;
X = 2 and Y = 1
3) AB will be modified in order to show that they have this 3-to-2 ratio as;
Option B; A₃B₂.
4) The formula that will represent an ionic compound composed of Calcium and Iodide ions is; Option A; CaI₂
1) To balance out the ions, it means addition of them should be equal to zero. Thus, to balance out one positive two (+2) with negative 1 (-1), the expression is;
+2 + x(-1) = 0
2 - x = 0
x = 2
Thus, we need 2 negative ones to balance out one positive two.
2) We are told that potassium(K) forms ions with a charge of +1 and selenium (Se) forms ions with a charge of -2.
When two ions combine, the product element will have its' subscript as the absolute value of the ion of its' sharing ion. Thus;
We will have; K₂Se₁
Comparing with [tex]K_{X}Se_{Y}[/tex], then; X = 2 and Y = 1
3) We are told that;
Ion A has a charge of +2 and Ion B has a charge of -3.
From the concept in answer 2 above, it means that the answer will be;
A₃B₂.
4) We are told that;
Calcium forms ions with a charge of +2. Iodine forms ions with a charge of -1. An ionic compound formed by both ions using the concept earlier used would give us; CaI₂
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Imagine that one carbon in buckminsterfullerene (C60) is replaced by a silicon atom, yielding SiC59. This molecule can then orient in 60 different ways. What is the entropy of one mole of SiC59 at T = 0 K?
Answer:
The entropy will be 0
Explanation:
Because of the third principle of thermodynamics, the entropy of a pure substance (such as SiC59), with finite density (we have 1 mol in a finite volume), at 0 K is equal to 0.
So, it really dosen't mather the Si atom, if you are analizing it at the absolute zero (0 K).
Neptunium-237 undergoes a series of α-particle and β-particle productions to end up as thallium-205. How many α particles and β particles are produced in the complete decay series? α particles β particles?
8 alpha particles
4 beta particles
Explanation:We are given;
Neptunium-237 Thallium-205 Neptunium-237 undergoes beta and alpha decay to form Thallium-205.We are required to determine the number of beta and alpha particles produced to complete the decay series.
We need to know that when a radioisotope emits an alpha particle the mass number reduces by 4 while the atomic number decreases by 2.When a beta particle is emitted the mass number of the radioisotope increases by 1 while the atomic number remains the same.In this case;
Neptunium-237 has an atomic number 93, while,
Thallium-205 has an atomic number 81.
Therefore;
²³⁷₉₃Np → x⁴₂He + y⁰₋₁e + ²⁰⁵₈₁Ti
We can get x and y
237 = 4x + y(0) + 205
237-205 = 4x
4x = 32
x = 8
On the other hand;
93 = 2x + (-y) + 81
but x = 8
93 = 16 -y + 81
y = 4
Therefore, the complete decay equation is;
²³⁷₉₃Np → 8⁴₂He + 4⁰₋₁e + ²⁰⁵₈₁Ti
Thus, Neptunium-237 emits 8 alpha particles and 4 beta particles to become Thallium-205.
To practice Problem-Solving Strategy 11.1 Energy efficiency problems. Suppose that you have left a 200-mL cup of coffee sitting until it has cooled to 30∘C , which you find totally unacceptable. Your microwave oven draws 1100 W of electrical power when it is running. If it takes 45 s for this microwave oven to raise the temperature of the coffee to 60∘C , what is the efficiency of heating with this oven?
Answer:
efficiency of heating with this oven is 51 %
Explanation:
to raise the temp of 200 ml of coffee from 30°C to 60°C the energy input to microwave oven is:
1100 J/s x 45 = 49,500 J
AT 100% efficiency
For 1°C the energy required to raise the temperature of 1 ml = 4.2 J
So for 30 C°, 1°C the energy required to raise the temperature of 200 ml =
Q = (4.2) (200)(30) = 25,200 J
efficiency = 25,200/49,500 = 0.51 = 51%
Answer:
51%
Explanation:
To practice Problem-Solving Strategy 11.1 Energy efficiency problems. Suppose that you have left a 200-mL cup of coffee sitting until it has cooled to 30∘C , which you find totally unacceptable. Your microwave oven draws 1100 W of electrical power when it is running. If it takes 45 s for this microwave oven to raise the temperature of the coffee to 60∘C , what is the efficiency of heating with this oven?
Using the formula Q=mCdT
Q=Energy (J)
m=mass
C=specific heat capacity
dT=temperature change
but Q=power xtime
to raise the coffee from 30∘C to 60∘C requires
1100 J/s x 45 = 49,500 J
Energy to raise 200ml coffee to 30∘C is at 4.2j/gC
Q = (4.2)(200)(30) = 25,200 J
Efficiency=output/input
efficiency = 25,200/49,500*100% = 0.51 = 51%
In which of the following processes is it necessary to break covalent bonds as opposed to simply overcoming intermolecular forces?
A. Melting mothballs
B. Dissolving hydrogen bromide gas in water to form hydrobromic acid
C. Vaporizing ethyl alcohol
D. Changing ozone to oxygen gas
Answer:
D. Changing ozone to oxygen gas
Explanation:
As a rule of thumb, it is always noting that making putting a substance through physical changes like melting or boiling, evaporating involves breaking intermolecular bonds. On the other hand, making a substance undergo chemical changes involves breaking intramolecular bonds like ionic bonds and covalent bonds.
Oxygen being changed from ozone to oxygen is a chemical change and therefore requires breaking of the oxygen-oxygen double bonds
Final answer:
Breaking covalent bonds is necessary in changing ozone to oxygen gas, while the other processes listed involve overcoming intermolecular forces.
Explanation:
In the processes described, breaking covalent bonds is necessary when changing ozone (O3) to oxygen gas (O2). Melting mothballs, dissolving hydrogen bromide gas into water to form hydrobromic acid, and vaporizing ethyl alcohol involve overcoming intermolecular forces rather than breaking covalent bonds. The transition from ozone to oxygen involves an endothermic reaction breaking the O-O covalent bonds within the ozone molecule to form diatomic oxygen molecules.
How many of the following molecules are polar? Brcl3 cs2 sif4 so3
Answer:
BrCl3
Explanation:
BrCl3: This compound has a T- shaped molecular geometry. And the difference in electronegativity is 0.2 to be precise makes is polar covalent compound.
CS2: Carbon sulphide is clearly a non polar compound because of the similar electronegativities of both carbon and sulphur.
SiF4: This molecule has Tetrahedral geometry. So, even though the difference in the electronegativity of Sulphur and Florine is high, the tetrahedral geometry makes it a non polar compound.
SO3: This molecule has trigonal planer geomtry. Hence, again in this molecule the polarity is being equal and opposite is cancelled out.
Answer:
The polarity of the molecule is defined as ability of the molecule to attract water through hydrogen bonding. Polarity of a molecule determines several characteristics of a substance. In the given examples, Bromine trichloride is a polar molecule.
Explanation:
Polarity of the substance or molecule is defined as the ability of a molecule to have electric dipole moment due to distribution of charges. In the given examples:
1. Bromine trichloride has a T-shaped geometry and the difference in electronegativity is 0.2. It has two lone pairs due to which the shape of molecule is bent.
2. Carbon sulphide is a non-polar molecule because of the symmetric shape having no electric dipole moment.
3. The tetrahedral geometry and symmetry of silicon tetrafluoride molecule provides the non-polar characteristic to the molecule. Silicon tetrafluoride have zero net dipole moment.
4. Sulphur trioxide is a non-polar molecule, which have trigonal planar geometry. The polarity of the molecule is cancelled out, which makes it to have zero dipole moment. Thus, it is a non-polar molecule.
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Hydrogen ion secretion leads to bicarbonate ions reabsorption in order to maintain proper blood pH balance. Hydrogen ion secretion leads to bicarbonate ions reabsorption in order to maintain proper blood pH balance.a.Trueb.False
Answer:
True
Explanation:
Carbon dioxide is transported by the blood in the dissolved form. carbonic anhydrase is the enzyme which is a metalloenzyme having zinc at active site converts carbon dioxide into carbonic acid which dissolves in the blood.
Thus,
H₂O (l) + CO₂ (g) ⇔ H⁺(aq) + HCO₃²⁻(aq)
The kidneys in the body help to control the acid base balance. The hydrogen ion secretion in the body leads to the generation and reabsorption of the bicarbonate ions to form carbon dioxide in order to nullify the effect of the acid generated and thus the pH of the blood is maintained.
A steel container with a movable piston contains 2.00 g of helium which was held at a constant temperature of 25 °C. Additional helium was pumped into the container and the piston adjusted so that the gas pressure remained constant. How many grams of helium were added to the cylinder if the volume was changed from 2.00 L to 3.00 L?A) 0.700 gB) 2.00 gC) 1.8 gD) 1.00 gE) 9.7 gF) 5.63 gG) 4.63 g
Answer: D) 1.00 g
Explanation:
According to the Avogadro's law, the volume of gas is directly proportional to the number of moles of gas at same pressure and temperature. That means,
[tex]V\propto n[/tex]
or,
[tex]\frac{V_1}{V_2}=\frac{n_1}{n_2}[/tex]
where,
[tex]V_1[/tex] = initial volume of gas = 2.00 L
[tex]V_2[/tex] = final volume of gas = 3.00 L
[tex]n_1[/tex] = initial moles of gas =[tex]\frac{\text {Given mass of helium}}{\text {molar mass of helium}}=\frac{2.00g}{4g/mol}=0.500mol[/tex]
[tex]n_2[/tex] = final moles of gas = ?
Now we put all the given values in this formula, we get
[tex]\frac{2.00L}{3.00L}=\frac{0.500mol}{n_2}[/tex]
[tex]n_2=0.75mole[/tex]
Mass of helium =[tex]moles\times {\text {molar mass}}=0.75\times 4=3.00g[/tex]
Thus mass of helium added = (3.00-2.00) g = 1.00 g
For a beaker containing the reaction below that is at equilibrium, using LeChatlier's Principle, predict which way the equilibrium conditions will shift (type in left, right, or no change) if silver chloride was added to a beaker.
AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl (aq) → AgCl (s) + NaNO3 (aq)
Explanation:
LeChatlier's principle states that any change in pressure, temperature, or concentration of a reactant applied to a system in equilibrium, the equilibrium will shift so as to tend to counteract the effect of the change.
In our question,[tex]AgCl[/tex] is added.
[tex]AgCl[/tex] is a product.
When product concentration increases,the reaction goes to the left so as to decrease the product concentration.
Adding more silver chloride (AgCl) to the system in equilibrium causes the equilibrium to shift to the left, producing more reactants (AgNO3 and NaCl) and reducing the AgCl.
Explanation:According to Le Chatelier's Principle, when a change in concentration, pressure, or temperature is applied to a system in equilibrium, the system will adjust itself to counteract the effect of the change. The reaction equation provided is AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl (aq) → AgCl (s) + NaNO3 (aq).
If additional silver chloride (AgCl) is added to the beaker, the equilibrium will shift to the left (reactants) to reduce this excess. More reactants AgNO3 and NaCl will be produced, reducing the amount of AgCl. This is because the system strives to maintain equilibrium by utilising the 'extra' AgCl to form more reactants.
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A sample of 97 g of NaCl is dissolved to make 2 L of solution. What is the molarity of the solution?
Molarity = Moles of solute/liters of solution
Hint: You need to calculate the moles from the grams given first
A. 1.66 M
B. 0.83 M
C. 48.5 M
D. 97 M
Answer:
Option B is the right one 0.83M
Explanation:
Molarity = Moles of solute/liters of solution
You should calculate the molar mass of NaCl firstly.
Molar mass NaCl = Molar mass Na + Molar mass Cl
Molar mass NaCl = 23 g/m + 35.45 g/m
Molar mass NaCl = 58.45 g/m
To know the moles we should divide grams / molar mass
97 g/ 58.45 g/m = 1.66 moles
This moles are in 2L of solution.
Molarity = mol/L
1.66 moles/2L = 0.83M
Bromine (Br2) is produced by reacting HBr with O2, with water as a byproduct. The O2 is part of an air (21 mol % O2, 79 mol % N2) feed stream that is flowing sufficiently fast to provide 25% excess oxygen ("excess" has a precise meaning in process analysis: in this case there is 25% more oxygen than the amount needed to completely react with the limiting reactant). The fractional conversion of HBr is 78%.
a) Show the degree of freedom analysis. Be as specific as possible about labeling the unknowns and completely write out all of the independent equations.
b) Calculate the composition (mole fractions) of the product stream.
Answer:
The mole fractions:
[tex]x_{HBr}=\frac{100mol}{318.5}=0.314[/tex]
[tex]x_{Br_2}=\frac{78mol}{318.5}=0.245[/tex]
[tex]x_{H_2O}=\frac{78mol}{318.5}=0.245[/tex]
[tex]x_{O_2}=\frac{62.5mol}{318.5}=0.196[/tex]
Explanation:
The reaction described is:
[tex]2 HBr (g) + 1/2 O_2 (g) \longrightarrow Br_2 (g) + H_2O (g)[/tex]
The limiting reactant is the HBr (oxygen is in excess).
a) The mass (in moles) balance for this sistem:
[tex]n_{Br_2}=\frac{ 1 mol Br_2}{1 mol HBr} *n_{HBr}*0.78[/tex]
(the 0.78 is because of the fractional conversion)
[tex]n_{O_2}=\frac{ 0.5 mol O_2}{1 mol HBr} *n_{HBr}*1.25[/tex]
(the 1.25 is because of the oxygen excess)
[tex]n_{H_2O}=\frac{ 1 mol H_2O}{1 mol Br_2} *n_{Br_2}[/tex]
There is only one degree of freedom in this sistem, you can either deffine the moles of HBr you have or the moles of Br2 you want to produce. The other variables are all linked by the equations above.
b) Base of calculation 100 mol of HBr:
[tex]nn_{HBr}=100 mol HBr[/tex]
[tex]n_{Br_2}=\frac{ 1 mol Br_2}{1 mol HBr} *100mol HBr*0.78[/tex]
[tex]n_{Br_2}=78 mol Br2[/tex]
[tex]n_{O_2}=\frac{ 0.5 mol O_2}{1 mol HBr} *100 mol HBr*1.25[/tex]
[tex]n_{O_2}=62.5 mol O_2[/tex]
[tex]n_{H_2O}=n_{Br_2}= 78 mol[/tex]
[tex]n_{total}=(78+78+100+62.5)mol= 318.5mol[/tex]
The mole fractions:
[tex]x_{HBr}=\frac{100mol}{318.5}=0.314[/tex]
[tex]x_{Br_2}=\frac{78mol}{318.5}=0.245[/tex]
[tex]x_{H_2O}=\frac{78mol}{318.5}=0.245[/tex]
[tex]x_{O_2}=\frac{62.5mol}{318.5}=0.196[/tex]
Acidic solution In acidic solution, the iodate ion can be used to react with a number of metal ions. One such reaction is IO3−(aq)+Sn2+(aq)→I−(aq)+Sn4+(aq) Since this reaction takes place in acidic solution, H2O(l) and H+(aq) will be involved in the reaction. Places for these species are indicated by the blanks in the following restatement of the equation: IO3−(aq)+Sn2+(aq)+ −−−→I−(aq)+Sn4+(aq)+ −−−
Answer:
[tex]\large \text{IO$_{3}$$^{-}$(aq) + 3Sn$^{2+}$(aq) + 6H$^{+}$(aq) $\longrightarrow \,$ I$^{-}$(aq) + 3Sn$^{4+}$(aq) + 3H$_{2}$O(l)}[/tex]
Explanation:
IO₃⁻ + Sn²⁺ ⟶ I⁻ + Sn⁴⁺
1: Separate the equation into two half-reactions.
IO₃⁻ ⟶ I⁻
Sn²⁺ ⟶ Sn⁴⁺
2: Balance all atoms other than H and O.
Done
3: Balance O.
IO₃⁻ ⟶ I⁻ + 3H₂O
Sn²⁺ ⟶ Sn⁴⁺
4: Balance H
IO₃⁻ + 6H ⟶ I⁻ + 3H₂O
Sn²⁺ ⟶ Sn⁴⁺
5: Balance charge.
IO₃⁻ + 6H⁺ + 6e⁻ ⟶ I⁻ + 3H₂O
Sn²⁺ ⟶ Sn⁴⁺ + 2e⁻
6: Equalize electrons transferred.
1 × [IO₃⁻ + 6H⁺ + 6e⁻ ⟶ I⁻ + 3H₂O]
3 × [Sn²⁺ ⟶ Sn⁴⁺ + 2e⁻]
7: Add the two half-reactions.
1 × [IO₃⁻ + 6H⁺ + 6e⁻ ⟶ I⁻ + 3H₂O]
3 × [Sn²⁺ ⟶ Sn⁴⁺ + 2e⁻]
IO₃⁻ + 3Sn²⁺ + 6H⁺ ⟶ I⁻ + 3Sn⁴⁺ + 3H₂O
8: Check mass balance.
On the left: 1 I, 3 O, 3 Sn, 6 H
On the right: 1 I, 3 O, 3 Sn, 6 H
Step 9: Check charge balance.
On the left: 1- + 12+ = 11+
On the right: 1- + 12+ = 11+
The equation is balanced.
[tex]\text{The balanced equation is }\\\large \textbf{IO$_{3}$$^{-}$(aq) + 3Sn$^{2+}$(aq) + 6H$^{+}$(aq) $\longrightarrow \,$ I$^{-}$(aq) + 3Sn$^{4+}$(aq) + 3H$_{2}$O(l)}[/tex]
The reaction in an acid solution involves IO3−(aq) reacting with Sn2+(aq) to form I−(aq) and Sn4+(aq). The complete balanced redox reaction is 2IO3−(aq) + 10H+(aq)+ 6Sn2+(aq) → I−(aq) + 4H2O(l) + 6Sn4+(aq). It is a redox reaction where iodate ions act as strong oxidizing agents.
Explanation:The reaction under consideration involves the iodate ion (IO3−) reacting with a tin(II) ion (Sn2+) to create iodide (I−) and a tin(IV) ion (Sn4+) in an acidic solution. In an acid solution, water (H2O) and hydrogen ions (H+) play crucial roles, hence they have places in the reaction. The complete balanced redox reaction is:
2IO3−(aq) + 10H+(aq)+ 6Sn2+(aq) → I−(aq) + 4H2O(l) + 6Sn4+(aq)
. To balance this reaction, we consider the change in oxidation state, the law of conservation of charge, and the law of conservation of mass. This reaction is a prominent example of a redox reaction where iodate ions act as strong oxidizing agents, oxidizing Sn2+ to Sn4+.
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Within the parietal cells of the stomach, CO2 and H2O are combined by ___________ to produce H2CO3, which quickly dissociates into H+ and HCO3-. H+ ions are pumped into the lumen of the stomach via a _____________, while HCO3- is pumped into the blood in exchange for Cl-, which ultimately enters into the lumen of the stomach as well.
Answer:
Carbonic anhydrase, H+K+ATPase
Explanation:
Within the parietal cells of the stomach CO2 and H2O are combined by carbonic anhydrase to produce H2CO3,which quickly dissociates into H+ and HCO3- .H+ ions are pumped into the lumen of stomach via a H+K+ATPase,while HCO3- is pumped into the blood in exchange for Cl- ,which ultimately enters the lumen of the stomach as well.
An endothermic reaction has An endothermic reaction has a positive ΔH, absorbs heat from the surroundings, and feels cold to the touch. a positive ΔH, absorbs heat from the surroundings, and feels warm to the touch. a positive ΔH, gives off heat to the surroundings, and feels warm to the touch. a negative ΔH, absorbs heat from the surroundings, and feels cold to the touch. a negative ΔH, gives off heat to the surroundings, and feels warm to the touch.
Answer:
An endothermic reaction has a positive ΔH, absorbs heat from the surroundings, and feels cold to the touch.
Explanation:
The enthalpy of reaction, ΔH, is the difference between the enthalpies of the products and the enthalpies of the reactants:
[tex]ΔH = H(products) - H(reactants)[/tex]
The enthalpy of reaction can be positive or negative, depending on the process.
For an endothermic process (heat absorbed by the system from the surroundings), ΔH is positive (that is, ΔH > 0).
For an exothermic process (heat released by the system to the surroundings), ΔH is negative (that is, ΔH < 0).
An endothermic reaction absorbs heat from its environment, has a positive ΔH, and feels cold to touch. It occurs when more energy is required to break bonds in reactants than the energy released when new bonds form in products. In contrast, an exothermic reaction releases heat, thus feels warm, and has a negative ΔH.
Explanation:An endothermic reaction is a type of chemical reaction that absorbs heat energy from the surroundings, hence it has a positive ΔH (enthalpy change). In simpler words, it requires more energy to break the bonds in the reactants than is released when new bonds form in the products. As a result, the reaction feels cold to the touch because heat is being drawn in from the environment. On the other hand, an exothermic reaction gives off heat to the surroundings, has a negative ΔH, and feels warm to the touch as it releases energy.
The enthalpy (ΔH), is a measure of the total energy of a thermodynamic system. It consists of the internal energy of the system plus the product of pressure and volume. The sign of ΔH can predict whether a reaction would be exothermic or endothermic.
For instance, the decomposition of dinitrogen tetroxide (N₂O4 (g) → 2NO₂ (g)) is an endothermic process, which means the reaction will absorb 57.20 kJ of heat from its surroundings. In contrast, the combustion reaction in an oxyacetylene torch is exothermic and releases energy in the form of heat and light.
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The Lewis structure for CO2 has a central The Lewis structure for C O 2 has a central blank atom attached to blank atoms.
1. atom attached to The Lewis structure for C O 2 has a central blank atom attached to blank atoms. atoms.
2. These atoms are held together by These atoms are held together by blank bonds. bonds.
3. Carbon dioxide has a Carbon dioxide has a blank electron geometry. electron geometry.
4. The carbon atom is The carbon atom is blank hybridized. hybridized.
5. Carbon dioxide has two Carbon dioxide has two blankπ bonds and two blankσ bonds.π bonds and two Carbon dioxide has two blankπ bonds and two blankσ bonds.σ bonds.
Answer:
See the explanation
Explanation:
1) The Lewis structure for [tex]CO_2[/tex] has a central Carbon atom attached to Oxygen atoms.
In the [tex]CO_2[/tex] we will have a structure: O=C=O the central atom "carbon" we will have 2 sigma bonds and 2 pi bonds, therefore, we have an Sp hybridization. For O we have 1 pi and 1 sigma bond, therefore, we have an Sp2 hybridization.
2) These atoms are held together by double bonds.
Again in the structure of [tex]CO_2[/tex]: O=C=O we only have double bonds.
3. Carbon dioxide has a Carbon dioxide has a Linear electron geometry.
Due to the double bonds we have to have a linear structure because in this geometry the atoms will be further apart from each other.
4. The carbon atom is Sp hybridized.
We will have for carbon 2 pi bonds, so we will have an Sp hybridization.
5. Carbon dioxide has two Carbon dioxide has two C(p) - O(p) π bonds and two C(sp) - O(Sp2) σ bonds.
(See figures)
Figure 1: Carbon hybridization
Figure 2: Oxygen hybridization
The Lewis structure of CO₂ has a central carbon atom with double bonds to two oxygen atoms, resulting in a linear geometry and sp hybridization. Each double bond contains one pi bond and one sigma bond.
Explanation:The Lewis structure for CO₂ features a central carbon atom attached to two oxygen atoms. These atoms are held together by double bonds. The electron geometry of carbon dioxide is linear, which is determined by the Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory.
The carbon atom in CO₂ is sp hybridized. In a molecule of carbon dioxide, there are two π (pi) bonds and two σ (sigma) bonds. Each double bond consists of one σ bond and one π bond, contributing to the overall structure and stability of the molecule.
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CAM plants function using crassulacean acid metabolism. Like C4 plants, CAM plants provide preparatory step for the Calvin cycle. CAM plants are found in hot, dry environments; to prevent desiccation, they keep their stomata closed during the day. They take in carbon dioxide at night while stomata are open. To increase the concentration of carbon dioxide available to the enzyme rubisco and minimize the degree of photorespiration, the CAM plants carboxylate ________.
Answer: ORGANIC ACIDS
Explanation:
CAM PLANTS CARBOXYLATE ORGANICS ACIDS through the addition of CO2 to PEP Carboxylase( a phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase enzyme present in the mesophyll cells of the cytoplasm in a green plant) to produce Oxaloacetate (organic compound).
CO2 + PEP ⇒ C4H4O5 (oxaloacetate)
Oxaloacetate is then converted to a similar molecule, Malate (C4H6O5, another form of organic compound) that can be transported in to the bundle-sheath cells. Malate enters the plasmodesmata and releases the CO2. The CO2 then fixed by rubisco and made into sugars via the Calvin cycle.
Whats the formula for selenium pentaoxide, iodine trichloride, zinc (1) nitride, chromium (III) bicarbonate, and there molar mass
Answer one of them plz and thx
Answer:
1) Se2O5
2) I2O6
3)Zn3n2
4) Cr(HCO3)3
Explanation:
selenium pentaoxide (= also called diselenium pentoxide)
= Se2O5
⇒ Se = 78.97 g/mol
⇒ O = 16 g/mol
⇒ 2*78.97 + 5*16 = 237.94 g/mol
iodine trichloride
= I2O6
⇒ I = 126.9 g/mol
⇒ Cl = 35.45 g/mol
⇒ 2* 126.9 + 6 * 35.45 = 466.5 g/mol
zinc (1) nitride does not exist (it's Zinc(ii)nitride
The oxidation number for zinc is always 2
Zn3n2
⇒ Zn = 65.38 g/mol
⇒ N = 14 g/mol
⇒3*65.38 + 2* 14 = 224.14 g/mol
chromium (III) bicarbonate
Cr(HCO3)3
⇒ Cr = 52 g/mol
⇒ H = 1.01 g/mol
⇒ C = 12 g/mol
⇒ O = 16 g/mol
52 + 3*1.01 + 3*12 + 6*16 = 235.03 g/mol
The substance that dissolves to make a solution is called
Answer: Solute or solvent
Explanation: A solute is the substance that dissolves to make a solution. The solvent is the solution that does the dissolving.
Match the vocabulary terms to their definitions.
1. standard metric unit of length
2. a proposed explanation for a scientific problem
3. standard unit of volume
4. the curved top surface of a liquid column
5. a quantity in an experiment that remains unchanged or constant
6. amount of matter in an object
a.mass
b.hypothesis
c.liter
d.control
e.meter
f.meniscus
You may find bellow the association of therms with the definitions.
Explanation:
1. standard metric unit of length - e. meter
2. a proposed explanation for a scientific problem - b. hypothesis
3. standard unit of volume - c. liter
4. the curved top surface of a liquid column - f. meniscus
5. a quantity in an experiment that remains unchanged or constant - d. control
6. amount of matter in an object - a. mass
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standard units of measurement
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Methane burns in oxygen to yield carbon dioxide and water. The chemical formula for this reaction is CH4+2O2→CO2+2H2O. What is the product, or what are the products, of this reaction?
a. water and methane
b. carbon dioxide and water
c. oxygen and methane
d. carbon dioxide and methane
Answer: the product of this reaction is option B which is carbondioxide and water.
Explanation:A chemical reaction involves the process in which one or more substances, the reactants, are converted to one or more different substances, the products. In the equation above, methane and oxygen gas are the reactants while carbondioxide and water are d products.
Answer:B
Explanation:
co 2 is the same as carbon dioxide and H 20 stand for water.
What volume is represented by each small tick
Answer:
there
Explanation:
Tick Volume Definition Tick volume is measuring every trade whether up or down and the volume that accompanies those trades for a given time period. If you are a day trader or a short term swing trader, tick volume analysis will assist you in sizing up the market on an intraday basis.
The volume by each small tick on a burette represents 0.05 mL.
What is a burette?A burette is a long, graduated tube with a stopcock at the bottom. It is used to measure small volumes of liquids, such as in titrations. The graduations on a burette are typically in milliliters (mL), and each small tick represents 0.05 mL.
This means that if you want to dispense 0.1 mL of liquid from a burette, you would need to dispense 2 small ticks.
The volume represented by each small tick may vary depending on the burette. It is always best to check the burette's calibration before using it to ensure that you are dispensing the correct volume of liquid.
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The crystal structure of an ionic compound depends on the
Answer:
The ion's sizes and their radius ratio.
Explanation:
Ionic compounds take the form of three dimentional arrays by alternating anions and cations in order to minimize the potential energy of the system by maximizing the attractive force between opposite charges.
The resultant geometric structures are known as crystal lattices and their arrangements depend on the ion's sizes and, since they are bound though electrostatic attraction, their radius ratio.
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When combining with nonmetallic atoms, metallic atoms generally will(a) lose electrons and form negative ions(b) lose electrons and from positive ions(c) gain electrons and from negative ions(d) gain electrons and form positive ions
Answer:
(b) lose electrons and form positive ions
Explanation:
Ionic bonding:-
This type of bonding is formed when there is a complete transfer of electrons from one element to another element. In this bonding one element is always a metal and another is a non-metal.
For example, the formation of NaCl
The electronic configuration of sodium with Z = 11 is : 2, 8, 1
The electronic configuration of chlorine with Z = 17 is : 2, 8, 7
Thus, sodium loses one electron and become positively charged and chlorine accepts this electron and become negatively charged and they have both their octets complete and form ionic bond.
Hence, can be seen from the above example, metallic atoms generally lose electrons and form positive ions.
Ne, Ar, and Kr have which properties in common? Group of answer choices
They are gases at STP, unreactive, and are generally monatomic.
They are gases at STP, unreactive, and are generally diatomic.
They are gases at STP, reactive, and are generally monatomic.
They are gases at STP, reactive, and are generally diatomic.
Answer:
Ne, Ar, and Kr are gases at STP, unreactive, and are generally monatomic.
Explanation:
they are unreactive and monoatomic and thats why have a very low boiling point.
The correct answer is: They are gases at STP, unreactive, and are generally monatomic.
Neon (Ne), Argon (Ar), and Krypton (Kr) are all noble gases, which are elements in Group 18 of the periodic table. The properties of noble gases are well-known and include the following:
1. State at STP (Standard Temperature and Pressure): At STP, all noble gases are in the gaseous state. This is because they have relatively low boiling points and exist as gases under normal conditions.
2. Reactivity: Noble gases are known for their lack of reactivity. They have a full valence shell, which means they do not readily form chemical bonds with other elements. This makes them very stable and unreactive under most conditions.
3. Atomicity: Noble gases are generally monatomic, meaning they consist of single atoms rather than molecules made up of two or more atoms. This is due to their stable electron configurations, which do not require sharing or transferring electrons to achieve stability.
Given these properties, the only option that accurately describes Ne, Ar, and Kr is that they are gases at STP, unreactive, and generally monatomic. The other options incorrectly describe either their state at STP, their reactivity, or their atomicity.
A student listed the characteristics of chemical and nuclear reactions.
Chemical and Nuclear Reactions
A -->Total mass remains unchanged
B --> Small change in mass takes place
Which of these statements best explains the identity of Reaction A?
A. It is a nuclear reaction because the total mass remains the same when there is a change in the number of protons and neutrons.
B. It is a chemical reaction because the total mass remains the same when the nuclei of the atoms reacting split.
C. It is a nuclear reaction because the total mass remains the same when there is a change in the overall energy of the system.
D. It is a chemical reaction because the total mass remains the same when new substances are formed.
Answer:
D. It is a chemical reaction because the total mass remains the same when new substances are formed.
Explanation:
A chemical reaction is represented by a chemical equation which show the reactant and products. Reactants are written on left side of arrow while products are written on right side. The number of atoms are remain same however arrangement of atoms is different on both side.
For example:
6H₂O + 6CO₂ + energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
it is known from balanced chemical equation that 6 moles of carbon dioxide react with the six moles of water and created one mole of glucose and six mole of oxygen. The number of atoms are same on both side however arrangement of atoms is different.
While in case of nuclear reaction small change in mass take place.
Answer: D
Explanation: Just took the test
(a) Name two types of subatomic particles contained in the nucleus of the atom and state the charge associated with each.
(b) Name the subatomic particle found in the region outside the nucleus. What charge is associated with this type of particle?
Answer:
A.) The Proton and the Neutron are the subatomic particles within the nucleus. The Proton has a positive charge, and the Neutron has a neutral charge.
B.) The subatomic particle that is found on the exterior of the atom is the Electron, which has a negative charge.
Explanation:
The atom's nucleus contains protons with a positive charge and neutrons with no charge. The region outside the nucleus, the electron cloud, contains the negatively charged electrons.
Explanation:
The nucleus of an atom contains two types of subatomic particles, protons and neutrons. Protons have a positive charge, represented as +1, while neutrons are neutral and have no charge.
The region outside the nucleus, known as the electron cloud, contains electrons. These subatomic particles carry a negative charge, represented as -1.
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The Earth’s atmosphere contains about 0.04% (or 400 parts per million) carbon dioxide. Although most of the carbon dioxide is in the form 12CO2, which is not radioactive, a specific fraction of the total is made up of radioactive 14CO2.
A) True
B) False
Answer:
True
Explanation:
Yes the given statement is true
Most of the carbon dioxide preset in the atmosphere is C12 isotope and a very small fraction of The atmosphere is made up by C14 isotope which is radioactive in nature
C14 makes about 1 to 1.5 atoms per [tex]10^{12}[/tex] atoms of carbon in the atmosphere.
Bi undergoes four decay reactions: α, β, β, α. Step 1. undergoes α decay to give In the second step, Tl-210 undergoes β decay. What is the product of this step? symbol = mass number = atomic number =
Answer:
Pb-210 that lead-210 is the product of second step.
Explanation:
Alpha decay : When a larger nuclei decays into smaller nuclei by releasing alpha particle. In this process, the mass number and atomic number is reduced by 4 and 2 units respectively.
General representation of alpha decay :
[tex]_Z^A\textrm{X}\rightarrow _{Z-2}^{A-4}Y+_2^4\alpha[/tex]
Beta decay : In this process, a neutron is converted into a proton and an electron. In this decay, the atomic number is increased by 1 unit.
General representation of beta decay :
[tex]_Z^A\textrm{X}\rightarrow _{Z+1}^{A}Y+_{-1}^0e[/tex]
Step 1. Bi undergoes α decay;
[tex]_Z^A\textrm{X}\rightarrow _{81}^{210}Tl+_2^4\alpha[/tex]
81 = Z-2
Z = 83
210 = A - 4
A = 214
[tex]_{83}^{214}\textrm{X}\rightarrow _{81}^{210}Tl+_2^4\alpha[/tex]
Step 2: Tl-210 undergoes β decay:
[tex]_{81}^{210}\textrm{X}\rightarrow _{82}^{210}Pb+_{-1}^0e[/tex]
Pb-210 that lead-210 is the product of second step.
Cyanobacteria______.a.can fix nitrogen, thus causing many freshwater ecosystems to be limited by phosphorus availability.b.can mineralize phosphorus from wetland sediments, raising phosphorus levels in inland waters to the point of eutrophication.c.mineralize the phosphates in detergent from an organic corn into an inorganic form that can cause algal blooms and eutrophication.d.consume excess N and P in inland waters and so are essential tools for watershed restoration and management.e.occur when aquatic ecosystems are disrupted by invasive species, and can cause pathogenic infections of native species, further enhancing the invasive nature of introduced exotic invaders.
Answer:
Cyanophtya
Explanation:
Cyanobacteria also known as Cyanophyta are responsible for fixing nitogen and raising phosphorus level through mineralization they are also called blu-green-algae. They commonly obtain their energy from 'oxygenic' photosynthesis.
A 275-mL flask contains pure helium at a pressure of 752 torr. A second flask with a volume of 475 mL contains pure argon at a pressure of 722 torr. If the two flasks are connected through a stopcock and the stopcock is opened, what is the partial pressure of each gas and the total pressure?
Answer:
Partial pressure He = 276 torrPartial pressure Ar = 457 torrTotal pressure = 733 torrExplanation:
Assuming temperature remains constant, we can use Boyle's law to solve this problem: P₁V₁=P₂V₂.
Once the two flasks are connected and the stopock opened, the total volume is:
275 + 475 = 750 mLNow we use Boyle's law twice, to calculate the new pressure of each gas:
He ⇒ 752 torr * 275 mL = P₂He * 750 mLP₂He = 276 torr
Ar ⇒ 722 torr * 475 mL = P₂Ar * 750 mLP₂Ar = 457 torr
Finally we calculate the total pressure, adding the partial pressures:
Total pressure = P₂He + P₂Ar = 733 torr