on what basis did the majority of court justices find school prayer unconstitutional

Answers

Answer 1
I'm thinking that we're talking here about the court case Engel v. Vitale, from 1962.  A New York state law required each school day to start with the Pledge of Allegiance and a nondenominational prayer.  Students were allowed to refrain from the prayer if they found it objectionable.  But the court decision found that the establishment of the prayer as a standard part of the school day in a public school was in violation of the First Amendment to the Constitution, which prohibits the government from making any law that establishes a religion.
Answer 2
The majority of court justices in the case Engel v. Vitale case found school prayer to be unconstitutional because it violates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. The First Amendment has two clauses. One of these, the Establishment Clause, prohibits the government from "establishing" a religion. That is, the government cannot set up a church or create laws that aid a particular religion or even every single religion in existence. The prayer that students were reciting (though voluntarily) was created by a government official and having students recite it in a public school (even voluntarily) was considered in opposition to this clause by the majority of justices who heard the case. Another way to understand this clause is to think of it is part of the legal work that fosters a separation of church and state.

Related Questions

What are the baby boomers

Answers

Baby boomers are babies that were born between the years 1946-1964. There were many babies during this time period because men just came back from war to their wives and well, haha you know, they missed each other, and people wanted to repopulate for the loss of people that died due to the World War.

Your answer is: Babies that were born between the years 1946-1964 

Have an amazing day mate!

*All those baby boomers are really old now
Final answer:

Baby Boomers refers to the generation born between 1946 and 1964. They are noted for their impact on societal norms and their sizeable influence on markets due to their spending power. As they age, their healthcare needs are anticipated to exert a significant influence on societal services.

Explanation:

The term Baby Boomers refers to the generation of people born between 1946 and 1964, a period marked by an unusual increase in births following World War II. Particularly significant due to their sheer numbers, Baby Boomers have influenced a broad range of societal norms and expectations about age. They are known for redefining notions of youth and middle age, and as they enter what's known as 'later life' or 'the third age', they continue to redefine what it means to grow old.

Baby Boomers are also notable for being the first group of children and teenagers with significant spending power, thus commanding substantial marketing attention. Their aging process and associated healthcare needs are set to have a profound impact on societal structures and services, as they represent the largest group of elderly people.

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How did the pendleton act (1883) reform the system of hiring and firing of most federal employees?

Answers

 hiring and firing decisons were required to be based on merit and not partisan loyalty

Explain why dry farming was the ancient Mesopotamians’ preferred method of farming. What eventually made dry farming more difficult?

Answers

The dry farming was the ancient Mesopotamians’ preferred method of farming. There are the more difficult to the cultivation of the crops and the plantation.

What is farming?

The term “farming” refers to the cultivation of the crop. Farming is a part of agriculture. Farming is the process of the ground, planting seeds, and growing plants. Farming contributes to the creation of employment and raises the economy of the country. Food is produced by farming.

According to the ancient Mesopotamians, are the preferred to the dry farming method. The farming method of the little in the rainfall. They are the less of the rainfall. The farming are the crops and the plantation are the based of the less in the water. As similar as that is, the flood is the drawback of the farming.

As a result, the dry farming was the ancient Mesopotamians’ preferred method of farming. There are the more difficult to the cultivation of the crops and the plantation.

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How did African Americans influence the entertainment industry of the 1950s?

Answers

They introduced Jazz music
Introduced jazz music

Which of these developed in the late 1800s as immigrants to the United States flocked to big cities?
A. Villages
B. Suburbs
C. Hamlets
D. Slums

Answers

The suburbs massively developed as a result of the immigrants that flocked to big cities in the late 1800s.

What role did the immigrants play?

In the 1800s, the immigrants who were low-skilled supplied labor for industrialization and helped in innovations in agriculture and manufacturing.

However, as the cities became filled with the immigrant, an effort was made to expand new immigarnt to the suburbs so to be able to continue working in the city.

Therefore, the Option A is correct.

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This is the name given to the mongol khanate in the western portion of mongol control, in what is now mostly russia and ukraine.

Answers

Golden Horde was the name for the region. It was founded by Batu Khan, grandson to Genghis Khan. They were predominately known and feared for their military might. At its peak, they controlled most of eastern Europe.

Answer:  The Golden Horde

The Golden Horde was established in the 13th century and was the  northwestern portion of the Mongol Empire.  After the Mongol Empire broke up in .[6] With the fragmentation of the Mongol Empire in 1259 (after the death of en Möngke Khan), The Golden Horde territory became a khanate that functioned independently.  At its strongest point, The Golden Horde extended from the Ural Mountains to the Danube River, stretching also deep into Siberia, and southward toward the Black Sea and Caucasus Mountains.

Respond to both parts of this question.
Part A
Social Darwinism used the idea of “survival of the fittest” to make a case for a laissez-faire approach to business. Social Darwinists thought the government should not regulate business because only the best should last. Write a brief essay explaining some of the government’s actions around the turn of the century that social Darwinists would not have approved of.
Part B
Then think about another philosophy that developed in the late nineteenth century. The Social Gospel taught that it was a person’s duty to help others in need, not just prepare for an afterlife. Write a brief essay describing some of the actions that people took to practice the beliefs of the Social Gospel.

Answers

Part A)

Social Darwinists were not fans of any government policy that limited the development of monopolies or trusts. Those who believe in Social Darwinism believe that the strongest individuals and businesses will survive. However, Progressive presidents like Teddy Roosevelt felt that monopolies were bad for the economy, as they can manipulate prices. Roosevelt used his political power to bring court cases against businesses that acted as bad monopolies or trusts (like the Northern Securities Company).

Part B
Some of the actions taken by members of the Social gospel movement include the creation of organizations that can help those who are less fortunate. The Salvation army, which is still around today, is one of the biggest success stories. This organization helps to provide food, shelter, and clothing for individuals who need it. Along with this, the social gospel movement helped by providing education classes and Sunday schools for kids to attend while their parents were worshiping or working.

Name one result of the Great Society and one result of the Warren Court.

Answers

The Great Society was an idea created by Lyndon B. Johnson (president of the US from 1963-1969). This idea was based around helping individuals in American society. One significant result from Johnson's Great Society policy was the creation of Medicare and Medicaid. These government programs help to provide medical care to specific groups of people. Medicare helps individuals over the age of 65 to pay for medical costs. Medicaid helps low income families to receive medical care.

The Warren Court refers to the time period when Earl Warren was the head justice of the US Supreme Court (1953-1969). During this time, Warren ruled on some of the most important cases in US history. One of the biggest ones was the ruling on Brown vs. Board of Education. In this ruling, Warren and the Supreme Court justices ruled that segregation in public schooling is illegal. Along with this, Warren ruled that the idea of "separate but equal" is in fact unequal.

Which conflict resulted in the deaths of over 600,000 Americans? A) World War II B) The Civil War C) The War of 1812 D) The American Revolution

Answers

I'm gonna guess civil war
Actually, 620,000 soldiers died in the civil war which is a high figure compared to other wars so it was a very bloody conflict with large casualties on both sides probably since it was about such a strong issue of abolishing slavery or defending it as the slave owners dug in their heels and refused to give up their slavery without being totally forced into it by sheer force of arms.

what is the name of the border where representatives from north and south korea held face to face talks

Answers

I belie that it is the Military Demarcation Line.

The border where North and South Korean representatives have held face-to-face talks is within the Joint Security Area (JSA) or Panmunjom, in the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) along the 38th parallel.

Panmunjom is situated within the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), which is the heavily guarded border established to serve as a buffer zone following the Korean War armistice agreement signed on July 27, 1953. This zone extends across and around the 38th parallel, which is historically significant, as it marks the approximate boundary line where Korea was divided into North and South at the end of hostilities.

History tells us that the Korean Peninsula was divided near the 38th parallel following a peace agreement reached in 1953. Today, the DMZ stands as one of the most fortified borders in the world, with a significant presence of troops from both Koreas and the United States. Although the armistice ended active combat, technically, North Korea and South Korea are still in a state of war since no peace treaty has been signed between them.

Select the items that are included in the Treaty of Versailles?

Answers

From the options provided, the items included in the Treaty of Versailles are:

Germany was solely responsible for World War I.

Germany no longer has possession of colonies or overseas investments.

Germany's navy was reduced in size.

The Treaty of Versailles imposed harsh terms on Germany after World War I. It held Germany solely responsible for the war, leading to political and economic turmoil.

Germany lost its colonies and overseas investments, significantly weakening its global influence.

Additionally, strict disarmament measures were implemented, including the reduction of Germany's navy.

These provisions aimed to prevent Germany from rebuilding its military strength and to maintain peace in Europe.

However, the treaty's punitive nature fueled resentment and contributed to the rise of extremism in Germany, eventually leading to World War II.

Thus, while the treaty aimed to establish peace, its repercussions ultimately proved detrimental to global stability.

The complete question : Select the items that are included in the Treaty of Versailles.

Germany was solely responsible for World War I

Germany was divided into four occupation zones

Germany no longer has possession of colonies or overseas investments

Germany could have no machinery that was not necessary for its economic growth

Germany's navy was reduced in size

What is the most likely reason that dr. king refers to both the constitution and the declaration of independence in his "i have a dream" speech? *?

Answers

The correct answer is because he wants to stress that all Americans are guaranteed certain rights.

Both the declaration of independence and the constitution guarantee rights of people in the United States and their rights are infringed upon in a legal manner by the government. He mentions them because he has a dream that one day the rights guaranteed would equally apply to all citizens.

Dr. King referred to the Constitution and Declaration of Independence to emphasize equality and justice, highlighting the gap between ideals and reality, urging for a more inclusive society in his speech.

The most likely reason that Dr. King refers to both the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence in his 'I Have a Dream' speech is to emphasize the principles of equality and justice these documents represent in the American society.

By mentioning these founding documents, Dr. King highlights the gap between their ideals and the realities of racial segregation and discrimination faced by African Americans, urging for a more inclusive and equal society.

His references to the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence serve to remind the audience of the nation's promise of liberty and equality for all, calling for the fulfillment of those promises.

During his rise to power, Hitler gained popularity and helped stir extreme anti-Semitic sentiment by

Question 6 options:

convincing Germans that the United States was responsible for their many hardships.


making the people of Germany believe that the Soviet Union was going to attack them.


blaming the collapse of world trade and other economic failures on Jewish financiers.


destroying the rule of law in Germany so that Germans would seek retribution on each other.

Answers

i wanna say its Blaming the collapse of world trade and other economic failures on Jewish financiers.

During his rise to power, Hitler gained popularity and helped stir extreme anti-Semitic sentiment by blaming the collapse of world trade and other economic failures on Jewish financiers. Thus, option 'C' is the correct option.

What is Antisemitism in history?

The Nazi Party rose to prominence during the 1930s economic slump by blaming "Jews" for a number of political, social, economic, and ethical issues that the German people were confronting. To do this, the Nazis employed both racial and more archaic social, economic, and religious symbols. They kept employing the same tactics after taking control to establish credibility.

The Nazis, who ruled Germany from 1933 to 1938, ordered anti-Jewish boycotts, organized book burnings, and passed anti-Jewish legislation, all of which were motivated by Adolf Hitler's theories on racial conflict and the "intent" of Jews to survive and flourish at the expense of Germans. The Nuremberg Laws of 1935 required complete segregation between "Aryans" and "non-Aryans" and defined Jews according to race.

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During the early twentieth century, the nation's century-long isolation from european conflicts increased.
a. True
b. False

Answers

Final answer:

The statement is false; the early twentieth century saw the end of long-term isolation due to the involvement of nations in World War I, despite a period of 'The Long Peace' and subsequent U.S. isolationism between the World Wars.

Explanation:

The assertion that nation's century-long isolation from European conflicts increased during the early twentieth century is false. The early twentieth century was characterized by an intricate system of alliances formalized by major European powers, which, while maintaining peace for some time, eventually led to World War I. The period known as The Long Peace was a time of relative stability, but the buildup of military power and imperialistic ambitions, particularly of Germany, created tensions that erupted into global conflict. It's important to note that the United States entered World War I in 1917, ending its previous policy of isolation from European wars. Post-World War I, the U.S. reverted to isolationism until its involvement in World War II after the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941.

Why did the knights of labor and other unions grow so rapidly in the late 1800s

Answers

with the amount of immigrants coming to america scabs were used quite often and making the "natives" loose their jobs easily or not be paid enough.

Successful negotiations and strikes convinced workers that joining a union could be helpful


which slave group was already in the new world when the colonists arrived
A. Africans
B. Natives
C. Europeans

Answers

The slave group already present in the New World when colonists arrived were the Natives. With high death rates among the natives, colonists imported African slaves for labor, beginning as early as 1502.

The slave group that was already in the New World when the colonists arrived were Natives. Initially, Native Americans were enslaved and forced to work on the plantations. However, due to high mortality rates from diseases and harsh conditions, the colonists turned to importing African slaves to fulfill their labor needs. The first enslaved Africans were brought to the Americas in 1502.

Over the centuries, millions of Africans were forcibly taken to the New World, with a significant number perishing during the horrific Middle Passage. Eventually, the English colonists in the Americas, particularly in the Chesapeake Bay colonies, started relying heavily on enslaved Africans for labor on large plantations.

3. Which type of imperial rule allowed Western governments to run colonies themselves?
Direct rule
Indirect rule
Sphere of influence
Protectorate
15. Why was the Opium War significant for Britain?
It provided a flow of opium to the British people.
It led to the exit of British forces from China.
It led to the collapse of the Qing Dynasty.
It increased British influence and trading rights in China.

Answers

direct rule help the the western governments run the colonies because if its indirect rule they will have no control

3- The type of imperial rule that allowed Western governments to run colonies themselves was the Direct Rule.

The Direct Rule was a British policy measure of placing control over a country under the direct administration of the United Kingdom Parliament.

15- The Opium War was significant for Britain because it increased British influence and trading rights in China.

China's defeat in the war forced the government to tolerate the opium trade. The British coerced the Chinese to sign the Unequal Treaties, opening several ports to foreign trade and annexing Hong Kong.

How was the united states involved in the russo-japanese war?

Answers

Despite not taking part in the fighting during the Russo-Japanese War, the United States had a huge impact on how the war was resolved and benefited from this by gaining substantial worldwide respect.

Theodore Roosevelt served as president of the United States during the negotiations for the Portsmouth Treaty, which put an end to the war.

The Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05 was officially terminated by the Treaty of Portsmouth. The talks, which were held in August in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, were partially mediated by American President Theodore Roosevelt. The final agreement, which was signed in September 1905, acknowledged Japanese presence in south Manchuria and Korea and gave Japan ownership of Sakhalin's southern half.

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The United States involvement in the Russo-Japanese War was driven by concerns over Japanese influence in the region, leading to diplomatic intervention by President Roosevelt.

The United States became involved in the Russo-Japanese War due to concerns over the growing influence of Japan in the region. Initially supporting Japan, President Roosevelt intervened to maintain a balance of power, leading to a peace conference that resulted in Japan gaining control over Korea and parts of Manchuria.

How did the Mughal Empire promote religious tolerance in the territories it controlled? A. It required Hindu, Muslim, and Sikh leaders to approve major policy changes. B. It promoted marriages between prominent Muslims and non-Muslims. C. It encouraged Hindus to adopt some of Islam's most important beliefs. D. It offered complete political independence to many Hindu communities.

Answers

Answer:

It promoted marriages between prominent Muslims and non-Muslims.

Explanation:

The Mughal Empire promote religious tolerance in the territories it controlled marriages between prominent Muslims and non-Muslims. Thus option B is correct.

What is religious tolerance?

It is the conviction that every religion has equal validity in its own native culture. Providing religious freedom to people of all faiths and beliefs without regard to their background was a matter of human rights. Religions are designed to foster social cohesion and peace.

They adopted their costumes as well as several festivals and rituals. They wed Hindu Rajput women and granted them the freedom to practice their religions as they saw fit. These Mughals fought for their goals and processes rather than on the basis of religion.

He created an advanced civilization, the Empire, based on religious tolerance. Indian, Mongol, and Persian cultures were all mixed together. Hinduism was tolerated under Babur, and numerous Hindu temples were constructed with his approval. Therefore, option B is the correct option.

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Do you think lenin's communist revolution was successful? why or why not?

Answers

yes if you mean that they overthrew the czar and took control of Russia, but no if you mean achieving their main goal of giving the people more freedoms and making a more fair and unbiased system, as Lenin's rule quickly turned into a harsh dictatorship.

Final answer:

Lenin's revolution successfully overthrew the existing government and established the USSR, but it deviated from democratic socialist principles and resulted in an autocratic regime, economic hardship, and international isolation.

Explanation:

Whether Vladimir Lenin's communist revolution was successful can be subject to different interpretations, depending on the metrics of success one is applying. The October Revolution of 1917 led by Lenin and the Bolsheviks was indeed successful in overthrowing the Russian Provisional Government and eventually establishing a new communist regime - the Soviet Union. However, the intentions of creating a proletarian utopia and spreading the revolution internationally faced significant challenges.

Lenin's tactics divided socialists into revolutionaries and reformers, creating a schism within the international socialist movement. Lenin believed in the need for a vanguard to initiate the socialist revolution, which contrasted with Marx's view that conditions in a mature, industrialized democracy would naturally lead to socialism. Lenin's revolution occurred in a largely feudal Russia, with few industries and a recent move towards democracy, making it an unlikely candidate for Marx's envisioned path to socialism.

While the Bolsheviks prevailed in the civil war and succeeded in creating the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Lenin's regime was autocratic rather than democratic, diverging from Marx's ideology. His subsequent policies, such as war communism and collectivization, led to famine and failed to deliver on the promise of prosperity and egalitarianism. Moreover, the international revolution that Lenin hoped to inspire did not materialize to the extent expected, leaving the Soviet Union isolated.

There should be no minimum voting age.

Which statement about the claim is true?
A.it is defensible but not arguable.
B.it is both arguable and defensible.
C.it is neither arguable nor defensible.
D.it is arguable but not defensible.

Answers

the answer would be D since many people wont agree but theres no proof to back it up.

The correct answer is D. It is arguable but not defensible

Explanation:

A claim or thesis statement is a statement used in argumentative texts or persuasive speech to convince the audience about a certain idea, because of this a claim needs to be arguable which means not everyone agrees with it and defensible which means as although everyone does not agree with the claim there is evidence to explain it and prove it. In the case of the thesis statement "There should be no minimum voting age" this claim is arguably because is somehow controversial and not everyone agrees with it, but it is not defensible as the author of this statement might not find evidence to prove this as all evidence shows because of maturity, literacy, education, and other factors there has to be a minimum voting age. Therefore, the statement about this claim that is true is that it is arguable but not defensible.

Based on the part of the letter that you just read, what can you conclude about the relationship between Britain and the colonies at the time Abigail wrote her letter?

Britain and the colonists had resolved their differences.

Colonies were taking active steps to resist British laws.

Great Britain and the colonies were at war.

Answers

Answer:

ITS C :)

Explanation:

Answer:

C. Colonies were taking active steps to resist British laws.

Explanation:

What happened to Kiev when Yaroslav the Wise died in 1054 CE? Yaroslav’s oldest son became the new ruler. The Mongols invaded. Kiev was divided among Yaroslav’s five sons. Kiev was renamed Moscow.

Answers

Kiev was divided among Yaroslav’s five sons.
- According to Yaroslav's testament, he wanted to prevent a power rumble over Kiev among the five of his sons. He divided his empire among them and the four younger sons should obey their eldest namely, Izyaslav sought to prevent a power struggle among his five sons by dividing his empire among them and enjoining the younger four sons to obey the eldest, Izyaslav, the grand prince of Kiev. But unfortunately, this advice did not last long, Civil war still prevailed after Yaroslav's death.

Answer:

c

Explanation:

The supreme court ruled in bureau v. mcdowell that _____________ apply/applies only to the actions of government agents and not to those of private citizens or private security employees.

Answers

Unlawful search and seizure, the Supreme Court Ruling found that incriminating materials given to government representatives by private citizens or employees do not have the same rules regarding lawful search and seizure. For example, if someone provides incriminating documents that were procured without a search warrant and that someone is a private citizen, these documents are admissible in court and not subject to the same search and seizure laws as if they were being collected by a police officer. 

The Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (COBRA) was passed by the U.S. Congress in 1985 under President Ronald Reagan. This act gives workers and their families who lose their health benefits the right to do what?

Answers

Continue under the health plan their employer held but will now be 100% responsible for premiums. This allows for a person to continue seeing a preferred doctor and maintain health care but the employer will no longer provide a cut toward benefits. 

Answer: Continue using health benefits provided by their group health plan.

The COBRA, created by Congress in 1986, is a federal law which maintains health benefits to workers and their families upon the occurrence of certain events in which, in another way, the coverage would terminate.

The qualifying events to be under the COBRA's coverage include a cutback in hours worked, involuntary job loss, job transition, a change in marital status, change in the number of dependents, death, among others.

What are the groups to which you belong? Indicate whether they are primary or secondary groups.

Answers

Primary groups are the groups we belong to that are long-lasting and involve more of who we are as people. In these groups, we invest in the relationships formed. Your family is an example of a primary group
Secondary groups are impersonal and typically short term. A sociology class is an example of a secondary group. 

Answer: if i am correct, primary groups are like a family, or a friend group.

secondary are something else like jobs

Explanation:

how did the thirty years war change the way people viewed different religions

Answers

There was no longer one dominant religion. More areas declared themselves to be Lutheran or Calvinist. Old political lines were not as important as the new religious lines that were drawn. This would also be one one of the last major wars over religion. 

After world war i, what did most americans think was the key to avoiding future wars?

Answers

Isolationism: To stay out of worldwide or foreign affairs.

Why did abraham lincoln hesitate to move against slavery?

Answers

Abraham Lincoln really only wanted to be a President. For better agenda to push, he passed the Emancipation Proclamation which failed, and then decided to push against slavery to increase his chances for getting voted into office. 

How did wartime experiences change mexican-american life in california?

Answers

Since most war-associated job opportunities occurred in urban centers, there was a substantial migration of Mexican Americans to the cities in the decades of the 1940s and 1950s. There was also a huge evacuation of the population to the municipal centers. California had the major population increase, giving it a Mexican-American resident equal to that of Texas. One of the most somber events of discernment occurred during World War II in the Zoot-Suit Riots of Los Angeles. The instances received its name from the type of dress, known as a “zoot suit,” worn by most of young Mexican Americans during the 1940s. In the mid-summer of 1943, an argument between a Mexican American and an Anglo vented into widespread rebelling. Anglo affiliates of the armed forces were soon merged by civilians in a spree of attacking and whipping Mexican Americans wherever they were found. With the near end of the war and the coming back of troops from overseas, the railroad workers were obligatory to return to Mexico, but some Puerto Rico citizens decided to remain. Helping or working abroad or moving to a large city extended the distances of a peer group of Mexican Americans. They had sacrificed for their embraced country, they have begun to want and chase more of the American dream better jobs opportunities, better education, and an end to inequity, prejudice, racism, and discrimination. They wanted their full civil rights and they’re longing for that rights. Many decided to change the system in which they were nurtured and trained.

The condition of Mexico after the war turned into a bad country. But America always stands tall.

Further Explanation  

Mexico lost 1 million hectares of land including Texas after the war. Although they also received compensation worth 15 million US dollars from the United States government.

However, the United States is a young country whose economy continues to improve, always trying to expand its territory. Their territory which was originally only 13 states when independence was 1776 more than tripled to 51 countries in the 19th century.

While Mexico was the only country to gain independence in 1821, many experienced social and economic problems in the early stages of their country's life.

because they not only had to face the rebellion in Texas in 1835 and also against the United States in the war of 1846 - 1848.

However, they also have to deal with rebels on the Yucatan Peninsula and Indian groups. These national conditions and situations tend to make Mexico accept the U.S. challenge. to fight and defend their self-esteem by trying to defend their territory. U.S. defeat making Mexico a bankrupt country, experiencing economic collapse and the most conflict in religious and racial conflicts.

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Class: high school

Subject: history

Keywords : mexican, american, war, country.

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