polygenic inheritance definition biology

The two groupings that the scientific names of the salamanders represent is the genus and species. The first part of the name (genus) symbolizes one group and the second part (species) symbolizes the other group. Salamanders are a group of amphibians normally categorized by their lizard-like look, with slim forms, rounded noses, and the existence of a tail in adults and larvae. All existing salamander groups are known by the the scientific name Urodela.

The scientific names of salamanders include the genus and species. For example, in Ensatina eschscholtzii, 'Ensatina' is the genus, while 'eschscholtzii' is the species.

The scientific names of salamanders represent two main groupings in biological classification: the genus and species. For instance, in the scientific name Ensatina eschscholtzii, 'Ensatina' refers to the genus, while 'eschscholtzii' specifies the species. This naming convention is part of the Linnaean classification system which helps in precisely identifying and categorizing living organisms.

Salamanders belong to the order Urodela, which also includes newts. Both salamanders and newts retain their tails as adults and have similar body structures adapted for walking and swimming.

Final answer:

Consuming high amounts of toxins like heavy metals, especially mercury, can cause significant damage to digestive and respiratory health due to forced toxicity and cellular damage. Mercury's interaction with stomach acid and the dangers of inhaling particulate matter highlight the risks to these critical body systems.

Explanation:

Consuming substances in high amounts can lead to significant health issues, particularly affecting digestion and respiration. Materials such as heavy metals, for example, mercury, can be particularly harmful. When mercury enters the digestive system, it reacts with hydrochloric acid (HCl) to form mercury chloride (HgCl₂), a compound that is absorbed more efficiently than most inorganic ions, contributing to its high toxicity. This can cause problems with digestion as it damages cells in the digestive tract. Furthermore, certain particles, when inhaled, can pose severe risks to the respiratory system. These particles may include pollutants or small particulate matter that, once in the lungs, can lead to respiratory distress and diseases.

Effects on Digestion and Respiration

Also, substances that induce "forced toxicity" by saturating physiological processes can disrupt both digestion and respiration. This forced toxicity can occur when substances like ethyl alcohol induce the overexpression of enzymes like alcohol dehydrogenase, altering normal physiological processes and leading to potential health risks.

Answer:

Hypochromic, microcytic aneamia is associated with a deficiency of Iron.

Explanation:

The most common cause of microcytic, hypochromic anemia is the Iron Deficiency. Microcytic is a type of anemia where the RBC present will be lesser than the usual count. In hypochromic anemia has decreased red color of the blood.

Iron deficiency may occur due to various reasons such decreased iron in the diet, poor absorption of iron from gut, chronic and acute blood loss, increased requirement for iron during situations like  recovering from surgery or preganacy.

Hypochromic, microcytic anemia can be treated by Iron replacement therapy. In iron replacement therapy 325 mg of ferrous sulphate is taken orally three times a day.  Constipation and Nausea are the side effects of this therapy. The results of this iron replacement therapy can be seen only after 2 months.

The straight tubules or tubuli recti in the testis lead into a network of fine tubules known as the rete testes, which then connects to the efferent ductules. From these structures, sperm cells eventually reach the epididymis where they mature.

The straight tubules in the testis, also known as tubuli recti, serve as a transitional conduit from the seminiferous tubules, where sperm are formed, to a network of delicate tubules known as the rete testes. Formed sperm cells move from the lumen of the seminiferous tubules into the straight tubules, and then into the rete testes. Beyond this, the sperm make their way to the efferent ductules and then exit the testis to move towards the epididymis, where they further mature before ejaculation.

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Answer:

Violence in society

Explanation:

Vocal pitch is influenced by vocal fold size, with boys and girls adjusting their speech to fit gender norms. Men have lower voices than women, influenced by both biological and social factors.

Vocal pitch is influenced by the size and weight of vocal folds, with larger folds producing lower pitches. Before puberty, all children's vocal folds are anatomically similar, but boys and girls adjust their speech to fit gender norms.

Men typically have lower voices than women due to their larger vocal folds. Social factors also play a role in how individuals manipulate their voices to align with gender expectations.

Voice disorders can affect children's pitch, loudness, and voice quality, with males more likely to experience such issues. These disorders can stem from various factors, including structural abnormalities and overuse.

Final answer:

Cyclic photo phosphorylation is a process where photosynthetic organisms produce ATP by cycling electrons through PSI, useful when the need for ATP is greater than that for NADPH. This pathway, distinct from non-cyclic photo phosphorylation, focuses solely on ATP production, bypassing NADPH generation.

Explanation:

Cyclic photo phosphorylation is a pathway used by photosynthetic organisms when there is a greater need for ATP (adenosine triphosphate) production than for NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate). During this process, electrons are excited to the photosystem I (PSI) electron acceptor and are then cycled back to PSI, rather than being transferred to NADP+ to form NADPH. This cycling of electrons results in the generation of ATP as they pass through an electron transport chain and ultimately return to PSI, allowing the cell to meet its energy requirements without the production of reducing power.

In contrast, non-cyclic photo phosphorylation involves the use of both PSI and photo system II (PSII) and results in the production of both ATP and NADPH, but if the need for ATP outweighs the need for NADPH, cyclic photo phosphorylation is favored. This process allows for the efficient use of light energy to make ATP directly, and is particularly important in conditions where ATP is in high demand to power cellular processes like the Calvin Cycle.

Moreover, during oxygenic photosynthesis, cyclic photo phosphorylation allows a replenishment of ATP levels using only PSI, utilizing a high-energy electron from the PSI reaction center which is passed to an electron transport system (ETS) carrier. The spent electron, with much of its energy used, eventually returns to the oxidized PSI reaction center pigment, thus completing the cycle.

The microvillus are tiny hair- like membrane that greatly increase the amount of surface area of the cells for better reception. It plays a major role in the tongue that are responsible for sending signals to the brain which then decides the taste of the food particle that is on the tongue.

The long and slender structure gives greater space for absorbing the data and then convert them into signals. Hence the microvillus are the slender projections on the tips of some taste bud cells that extend into the taste pores

The collecting tubule cells' permeability to water increases as a result of increase in the production of adh (b).

The cell is the basic unit of life. Every living thing is made up of trillion of cells. Cell carry out all the vital processes of the body.

Thus, the option (b) is the correct option.

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Allergic contact dermatitis is a type IV hypersensitivity reaction, which is a delayed-type cell-mediated immune response, for example, seen in contact with latex or nickel, and not associated with antibody involvement like in type II hypersensitivity such as hemolytic disease of the newborn.

Allergic contact dermatitis is an inflammation of the skin resulting from a type IV hypersensitivity reaction to an allergen or irritant. This type of hypersensitivity is also known as delayed-type hypersensitivity because it takes a few days for symptoms to develop after exposure. For example, when an individual comes into contact with latex or nickel, which they have been previously sensitized to, it can cause a red and swollen area on the skin. Notably, type IV hypersensitivity reactions do not involve antibody responses, but are rather T-cell mediated responses.

There are various examples of type IV hypersensitivity, and contact dermatitis, such as from exposure to latex or plants like poison ivy, is among them. It's worth noting that in the case of poison ivy, many severe symptoms are due to the plant's toxic oils rather than the T cell-mediated response. To differentiate, hemolytic disease of the newborn, for example, is not a type IV hypersensitivity reaction but rather an example of type II hypersensitivity because it involves the destruction of blood cells due to the mother's antibodies attacking the baby's red blood cells.

Flowering plants or Angiosperms have seeds that are enclosed within an ovary (usually a fruit), while Gymnosperms have no flowers or fruits, and have “naked” seeds.

Both classes:

·         Have differentiation of the sporophyte  (root, stem, and leaves),

·     Produce pollen for fertilization,

·     Seeds bearing plants (belong to the class  known as Spermatophyta),

·     The vascular system,

·     Reduced gametophytic phase.

Final answer:

An action potential is able to pass along a neuron through a process called depolarization. The signal causes voltage-gated ion channels to open and positive sodium ions flow into the cell, resulting in a reversal of charge called an action potential. The action potential propagates along the axon and, in myelinated axons, jumps from one node to another.

Explanation:

An action potential is able to pass along a neuron through a process called depolarization. When a neuron receives a strong enough signal from another neuron, voltage-gated ion channels open, allowing positive sodium ions to flow into the cell. This causes a reversal of charge, known as an action potential, which propagates along the axon to the axon terminals.

Within myelinated axons, the action potential jumps from one node to another, rather than spreading smoothly along the entire membrane. This increases the speed at which the action potential travels.

A hurricane hits a small island, killing all but a few members of a bird population. This is an example of population bottleneck effect. The bottleneck effect is a sudden and high reduction of a population's genetic pool due to environmental actions (such as flood) or human activities.

The correct answer is option A which is pesticides and fertilizers can poison soil organism.

Pesticides, insecticide, and fertilizers are given to crops for better production.

Pesticide kills the pests, insecticide control the harmful insects for the field and fertilizers provides nutrients to plants/crops for fast growth.

But all these are chemicals which leads to the death of organisms in the soil, especially nitrifying bacteria.

These bacteria and other worm-like organism are very important for natural betterment of soil and crop which can be disrupted by fertilizers and insecticides.

Final answer:

The descending limb of the loop of Henle contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla because it is permeable to water but not to solutes, resulting in water being osmotically drawn out into the salty renal medulla.

Explanation:

The correct option for the function of the descending limb of the loop of Henle is:

d. contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla

This is because the descending limb is permeable to water due to the presence of aquaporin channels, but not to solutes like sodium and urea. As the filtrate moves down the descending limb into the increasingly salty renal medulla, water is drawn out of the filtrate and into the surrounding interstitial fluid by osmosis. This process causes the filtrate to become more concentrated. In contrast, the ascending limb is impermeable to water but allows for the excretion of solutes, thereby diluting the filtrate as it moves back up. Together, these limbs of the loop Henle work as a countercurrent multiplier, which helps concentrate urine and conserve water.

Final answer:

The experiments with rats in mazes showed that rats could learn the layout of the maze without direct rewards, a phenomenon known as latent learning. This learning became apparent through their improved performance once a reward was introduced, demonstrating cognitive mapping abilities.

Explanation:

The experiments conducted by researchers such as Tolman and Blodgett with rats in mazes demonstrate a fundamental concept known as latent learning. This type of learning occurs without any obvious reinforcement or rewards during the learning process. Instead, the subjects - in these cases, rats - develop a cognitive map of their environment, which they can later use to navigate more efficiently once a motivation (such as food) is introduced.

In these experiments, even rats that were not rewarded with food while exploring the maze eventually displayed a quick and accurate ability to run through it once a reward was placed at the end. This rapid improvement wasn't because they learned the maze route at that moment but because they were demonstrating the knowledge they had acquired latently. This effectively highlights the ability of rats to engage in complex cognitive learning processes, similar to other higher-order mammals.