Answer: d. glucose
Explanation:
Cellular respiration starts with a process called glycolysis. Glycolysis breaks down one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. Then pyruvate oxidates and forms Acetyl CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle and ends up producing 36 ATP molecules that will be used as energy by the cell.
Other sugars can enter the cycle but must be turned into some intermediate molecule first. For example, fructose must be turned into fructose-6-phosphate, the third molecule used in glycolysis.
Choose the sex-linked traits from the choices below. Choose all that apply.
a. Height
b. Hemophilia
c. Duchenes Muscular Dystrophy
d. Cystic Fibrosis
e. Sickle Cell Disease
a. Height
It's true that if you have tall parents, you might be tall too.
But no proof is a sex-linked trait.
b. Hemophilia
This is a disease related to blood coagulation.
It's recessive and linked to X chromosomes.
c. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
This is also a recessive sex-linked disease.
Girls can carry but only affect boys.
d. Cystic Fibrosis
This is also a hereditary disease but not linked to sex chromosomes.
e. Sickle Cell Disease
It's a malformation of blood cells and it can be inherited but not linked to sex chromosomes.
How do animal cells, Plant cells, freshwater protists, and
bacteriaeach deal with the problem of osmosis ?
Answer:
Plant cells deal with osmosis by being enclosed in a cell wall.
Animal cells use active transport systems to deal with the problem of osmosis.
Fresh water protists have contractile vacuoles to deal with osmosis.
Many bacteria have cell wall to protect them from osmosis.
Explanation:
Plant cells have a rigid cell wall. If a plant cell is places in a place where the conditions are hypotonic, then the cell will tale up water by osmosis but the cell wall will prevent it from bursting. This condition is termed as the cell being 'turgid'.
As animal cells do not have the rigid cell wall, they use the mechanism of active transport system to stop the cell from bursting during osmosis. In this process, ions are moved out of the cell so that the pressure in the cell due to osmosis can be reduced.
Fresh water protists have a structure present in them called as the contractile vacuole. The contractile vacuole has the capability to remove any excess water from the cell as well storing water if there is not enough water.
Bacteria have peptidoglycan cell walls to prevent osmosis.
Osmosis is managed differently in animal cells, plant cells, freshwater protists, and bacteria; animal cells use osmoregulation, plant cells use a cell wall and vacuoles, protists use contractile vacuoles, and bacteria use a semi-permeable membrane.
Explanation:Osmosis is the process by which water molecules move from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration. Animal cells, plant cells, freshwater protists, and bacteria each have their own ways of dealing with osmosis.
Animal cells are dependent on osmoregulation which involves regulation of salt concentrations and water balance. This process is critical to maintaining homeostasis within the cell.
Plant cells have a cell wall which provides additional protection against overhydration. They also have central vacuoles that can store water, allowing plants to maintain the appropriate levels of hydration.
Protists, specifically freshwater forms, have specialized organelles called contractile vacuoles which pump excess water out to prevent the cell from bursting due to osmotic pressure.
Bacteria, meanwhile, use a semi-permeable membrane to control the flow of water into and out of the cell. The membrane allows the bacteria to maintain the correct balance of water and nutrients.
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In a comparison of birds and mammals, the condition of having four limbs is
a. a shared ancestral character.
b. a shared derived character.
c. a character useful for distinguishing birds from mammals.
d. an example of analogy rather than homology
Answer: a. A shared ancestral character.
Explanation:
A shared ancestral character is the character or feature that two lineages of same or distinct species have in common derived from a common ancester. The four limbs in birds and mammals is the example of this.
Having four limbs is a shared ancestral character among birds and mammals, inherited from a common ancestor. It represents homology, not analogy—meaning it's due to shared ancestry, not independent evolution.
Explanation:In a comparison of birds and mammals, the condition of having four limbs is a shared ancestral character. This character trait originated from a common ancestor and has been passed down to the executive lineages. This trait does not differentiate birds from mammals, as both groups possess it. It also represents homology rather than analogy, as it originated from shared ancestry and not independent evolution.
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Plant molecular biologists have recently discovered genes that are responsible for controlling cell division in tomatoes. Why would such a discovery be important to producers of other kinds of fruits and vegetables ?
They can use those recently discovered genes and insert them in another species (fruits and vegetables) using genetic ingeniery technics so they can speed up the cell division on them, and accordingly increase the production.
You do a cross between two true-breeding strains of zucchini. One has green fruit end the other has yellow fruit. The Fl plants are ell green, but when these are crossed, the F2 plants consist of 9 green : 7 yellow. Explain this result. What a. were the genotypes of the two parental strains? b. Indicate the phenotypes, with frequencies, of the progeny of a testcross of the Fl plant .
Answer:
a) GG and gg
b) GG: Gg: gg
1: 2: 1
Phenotype ration
Green : yellow
3:1
Explanation:
As mentioned the two true breeding strains of zucchini were crossed.
True breeding means they must be homozygous for their genotype structure.
Let green fruit allele be represented by "G" and yellow fruit allele be represented by "g"
In first cross all green offspring were produced , thus it is clear that green fruit allele is dominant over yellow color fruit.
a) Genotype of the parents is
GG and gg
GG * gg
Gg, Gg, Gg, Gg
b) F1 cross will be between Gg * Gg
Offspring produced - GG, Gg, Gg, gg
Hence
Genotype ratio
GG: Gg: gg
1: 2: 1
Phenotype ration
Green : yellow
3:1
Homeotic genes
a. encode transcription factors that control the expression of genes responsible for specific anatomical structures.
b. are found only in Drosophila and other arthropods.
c. are the only genes that contain the homeobox domain.
d. encode proteins that form anatomical structures in the fly.
Answer: a. encode transcription factors that control the expression of genes
Explanation:
Homeotic Genes - They encode transcription factors that determine the location at which specific structures develop. They give organs identity. Homeotic genes act as regulators of development and some mutations found in flies were instrumental in unraveling the macroevolution related mysteries.
Mutations in homeotic genes are often fatal in the early stages of development, however viable mutant flies with strange aberrations have been found, such as the discovery of Antennapedia mutants, in which paws are formed in place of antennae. Homeotic genes regulate the development of specific embryonic segments and are fundamental, among other functions, in determining the anteroposterior axis of metazoans. When we compare flies and humans, homeotic genes resemble both their nucleotide sequence and their relative position on chromosomes.
What is homeostasis, and why is it important?
Answer:
Homeostasis is the body trying to maintain a equilibrium for many body elements, such as body temperature, body functions, etc, even with changes in the environment.
For example, the body, in trying to maintain body temperature in a cold area, would burn more calories and "create more heat" to equalize the body temperature.
Another example would be the body sweating so that excess heat would escape on a hot day.
~
Which of these groups of mammals is defined by having multicusped lower molars and a narrow pelvis?
a. allotheria
b. prototheria
c. theria
d. metatheria
e. eutheria
Answer:
The correct answer will be option-A.
Explanation:
Allotheria is an extinct species of a mammalian group called marsupials which lived during the Mesozoic era.
The Allotheria can be easily distinguished by the few unique characteristics which were considered of non-placental mammals:
1. Presence of molariform teeth with longitudinal cusps in the lower portion of the mouth
2. Narrow pelvis which indicates that they used to give birth to young marsupials and used to feed them.
Thus, option-A is the correct answer.
The primary function of the mitochondrion is the production of ATP. To carry out this function, the mitochondrion must have all of the following except
A) the membrane-bound electron transport chain
B) proton pumps embedded in the inner membrane.
C) enzymes for glycolysis.
D) enzymes for the Krebs cycle.
E) mitochondrial ATP synthase
The mitochondrion absolutely requires a membrane-bound electron transport chain, proton pumps, Krebs cycle enzymes, and ATP synthase. However, it does not need glycolysis enzymes as glycolysis happens in the cytosol, not in the mitochondrion.
Explanation:The primary function of the mitochondrion is indeed the production of ATP, and it does so via a process called cellular respiration. Most of the factors listed are absolutely essential for the mitochondrion to carry out this primary function. This includes the membrane-bound electron transport chain (Option A), proton pumps (Option B), enzymes for the Krebs cycle(Option D), and mitochondrial ATP synthase (Option E). However, the enzymes for glycolysis (Option C) are an exception. Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol of a cell, not in the mitochondrion, which is why the mitochondrion does not need to have enzymes for glycolysis to produce ATP.
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Which of the following statements is most accurate or true?
a. The nearly neutral theory posits that the vast majority of substitutions influence the fitness of individuals in a highly negative manner.
b. the nearly neutral theory posits that the vast majority of mutations influence the fitness of individuals in a highly negative manner.
c. the neutral theory posits that the vast majority of mutations do not influence the fitness of individuals.
d. the neutral theory posits that the vast majority of substitutions do not influence the fitness of individuals.
Answer:
c. the neutral theory posits that the vast majority of mutations do not influence the fitness of individuals
Explanation:
The neutral theory proposed by Motoo Kimura states that the vast majority of changes at the molecular level (DNA) in a population happens due to genetic drift, not by natural selection, this implies that the mutations are neutral and do not give an advantage to the organisms.
This means that mutant alleles are preserved due to the randomness of life and not because this alleles give selective advantage over other individuals of the population.
Explain the function of receptors and their location(s) in the cell.
Answer:
Function: Cell signalling; Location: Cell membranes
Explanation:
Receptors are usually trans-membrane proteins located on cell membranes. Their extracellular part transmits chemical signals from outside the cell into the intracellular where a response is induced.
Answer the questions that follow for each stage of the cell cycle (G1, S, G2, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase). If necessary, use an arrow to indicate a change that occurs during a particular cell cycle stage (for example, 1→ 2 or yes → no). a. How many chromatids comprise each chromosome during this stage? b. Is the nucleolus present? c. Is the mitotic spindle organized? d. Is the nuclear membrane present?
Answer: the answer is based on 46 chromosomes assuming humans.
G1.
Chromatids: 46 chromosomes/ 46 chromatid.
Nucleolus: yes. only disappears during mitosis( RNA synthesis is crucial for making proteins all the time)
Mitotic spindle: no. only appears during mitosis.
Nuclear membrane: yes. only disappears during mitosis.
S. DNA replication occurs.
Chromatids: 46 chromosome/ 92 chromatids
Nucleolus: yes
Mitotic spindle: no
Nuclear membrane: yes
G2
Chromatids: 46 chromosome/ 92 chromatids
Nucleolus: yes
Mitotic spindle: no
Nuclear membrane: yes
Prophase:
Chromatids: 46 chromosome/ 92 chromatids
Nucleolus: will disintegrate at the beginning of the phase.
Mitotic spindle: starts to arrange at the beginning of the phase.
Nuclear membrane: starts dissolving at the beginning of the phase.
metaphase, (chromosomes appear in the middle)
Chromatids: 46 chromosome/ 92 chromatids
Nucleolus: no
Mitotic spindle: arranges chromosomes in the middle.
Nuclear membrane: no
anaphase, sister chromatids split and move to either poles of the cell
Chromatids: 92 chromosome / 92 chromatids)
Nucleolus: no
Mitotic spindle: starts to disassemble during early telophase.
Nuclear membrane: no
telophase at the end of telophase when the cytoplasm finally splits
Chromatids: 46 chromosome / 46 chromatids per cell
Nucleolus: yes
Mitotic spindle: starts to disassemble during early telophase.
Nuclear membrane: will start to form at the end of telophase.
Remember that is a continuous process it has been named in 4 phases by humans to study it.
Assuming no involvement of the Bombay phenotype: a. If e girl has blood type O, whet could be the genotypes and corresponding phenotypes of her parents? b. If e girl has blood type B end her mother has blood type A, what genotype(s) and corresponding phenotype(s) could the other parent have? c. If a girl has blood type Aa and her mother is also AB, what ere the genotype(s) end corresponding phenotype(s) of any male who could not be her father?
Answer:
a) OO/OO (phenotype O) ; OA (ph A)/OB (ph B) ; OO(phO)/ OA(ph A); OO(ph O)/OB (ph B).
b) OB (ph B) or BB (phB) or AB (ph AB).
c) OO(ph O)
Explanation:
a) Blood type 0 is recessive. This girls genotype is OO.
Then, parents need to have at least one allele O each in their genotype. Possibilities genotypes and phenotypes (ph): OO/OO (phenotype O) ; OA (ph A)/OB (ph B) ; OO(phO)/ OA(ph A); OO(ph O)/OB (ph B).
b) Blood type B is co-dominant with A. If the girl is B, it means her genotype can be OB or BB.
But we are told that the mother has blood type A. Also co-dominant. This means the girls genotype cannot be BB.
If the girl is OB, it means she got the O allele from her mother.
The other parent then has to be responsible for the B allele. This means the father could have been OB (ph B) or BB (phB) or AB (ph AB).
c) If the girl is AB (I assume misspelling) and her mother ALSO is AB, then the father cannot be OO(phO). Because he has to give the allele A or B to the girl.
Any other genotype is possible.
Why are the lungs highly vascularized? Where does oxygenation of the blood take place?
The lungs are highly vascularized to facilitate efficient gas exchange between the respiratory system and the circulatory system and Oxygenation of the blood takes place in the pulmonary capillaries.
The extensive network of blood vessels in the lungs ensures that a large surface area of the lungs is in close contact with the blood. This allows for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli (tiny air sacs in the lungs) and the bloodstream.
Oxygenation of the blood takes place in the pulmonary capillaries, which are the smallest blood vessels in the lungs. As blood flows through the pulmonary capillaries, oxygen from the inhaled air diffuses across the thin walls of the alveoli and into the bloodstream. At the same time, carbon dioxide, a waste product of cellular metabolism, diffuses from the blood into the alveoli to be exhaled.
The highly vascularized nature of the lungs ensures that a continuous supply of deoxygenated blood from the heart reaches the pulmonary capillaries, where it is oxygenated. The oxygen-rich blood is then transported back to the heart to be pumped to the rest of the body, supplying oxygen to the tissues and organs.
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The production of urine in the nephron begins at the (i) _____________, which is (ii) _______________.
a. (i) glomerulus, (ii) a network of capillaries
b. (i) Loop of Henle, (ii) a U-shaped tube
c. (i) proximal convulated tubule, (ii) a tube draining the glomerulus
d. (i) distal convulated tubule, (ii) a tube entering the collecting duct
Answer:
a. (i) glomerulus, (ii) a network of capillaries
Explanation:
A pair of the kidney is the main excretory organ in humans. Each kidney made millions of tiny units called nephrons.
Each nephron has a glomerulus. It is tuft (network) of capillaries surrounded by a cuplike structure called Bowman’s capsule.
The network of blood capillaries consists of afferent and efferent arterioles. As blood flows through the glomerulus, the fluid from the capillaries gets filtered by podocytes, a specialised layer of cells, called filtration membrane. This glomerular filtration begins the urine formation process.
Antibiotics can be used to treat some viral infections.
a. True
b. False
Answer: False
Explanation:
Antibiotics cannot be used for the treatment of viral infections. Antibiotics can be used to treat bacterial infections only.
Antibiotics cannot be used to treat viral infections as it will not kill virus. Common illness that is caused by the bacteria like urinary tract infection, pneumonia, can be treated by antibiotics.
Antibiotics act by interfering the replication, transcription and translational machinery which could be either enzymes or complexes used during the processes. Since, viruses do not carry out these processes therefore antibiotics do not work on viral infections.
Hence, the given statement is false.
Why does allopatric speciation occur more often in animals than sympatric speciation?
Answer:
Allopatric speciation happens when populations become isolated and the gene flow between populations stops. Is difficult for a population of animals to stop gene flow among the individuals of a population that lives in the same area because animals are dynamic and can actively look for male/females to reproduce.
What are the major diseases affecting this circulatory system? Are any related to lifestyle or behavioral causes? Can anything be done to minimize the risk of these diseases?
Answer:
Some of the major circulatory system disease are given below
1) High blood pressure
2) Atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease
3) Heart attack
4) Heart failure
5) strokes
6) Peripheral artery disease
Explanation:
Some of the major circulatory system disease are given below
1) High blood pressure
2) Atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease
3) Heart attack
4) Heart failure
5) strokes
6) Peripheral artery disease
disease which caused due to lifestyle and behavioral are
1) Atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease
2) High blood pressure
3 Heart attack
4) Heart failure
5) stroke
some key point to remember to diminished the chances of circulatory disease are
1) try to avoid overweight.
2) Don’t smoke.
3) Exercise daily for minimum 30 minutes per day.
4) Maintain a healthy diet consist of low-fat, low-cholesterol and more fruits, green vegetables.
5 ) Limit salt & alcohol
Which nucleotide bases are purines?
a. adenine & guanine
b. adenine & thymine
c. guanine & cytosine
d. cytosine& thymine
Answer:
a. adenine and guanine
Explanation:
A purines nucleotide is a combination of the heterocyclic aromatic rings, the imidazole and pyrimidine ring.
Which of the following statements does not highlight a difference in eukaryotic and prokaryotic translation?
a. the first methionine in eukaryotic translation contains a formyl group
b. in eukaryotes, mRNA is made in the nucleus but translated in the cytoplasm
c. prokaryotes often couple transcription and translation, forming a polysome
d. eukaryotic mRNA does not have Shine-Dalgarno sequence, but prokaryotic mRNA does
e. many eukaryotic proteins are chemically modified after translation, which is a much rarer phenomenon in prokaryotes
Answer:
The correct answer is a and e.
Explanation:
Translation is the process by which mRNA is translated into proteins. It occurs in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, transcription and translation occur simultaneously while in eukaryotes translation is a separate process occurs in the cytoplasm after transcription.
The first amino acid incorporated in the polypeptide is methionine in eukaryotes and formyl methionine in prokaryotes. After protein synthesis in both eukaryotes in prokaryotes, post-translational takes place like glycosylation, acetylation, alkylation, etc.
Post translation is important for proteins to provide them heterogeneity and functional activity. Thus, the correct answer is a. the first methionine in eukaryotic translation contains a formyl group and e. many eukaryotic proteins are chemically modified after translation, which is a much rarer phenomenon in prokaryotes.
What are the three main components of biodiversity?
a. Species diversity, species productivity, and species stability
b. Genetic diversity, species abundance, and species evenness
c. Species richness, species abundance, and species evenness
d. Species diversity, species-area relationship, and species evenness
e. Species diversity, genetic diversity, and habitat diversity
Answer:
C. Species richness, species abundance, and species evenness
Explanation:
Biodiversity is the variety and variability of all living organisms within a given environment. The main components that contribute to biodiversity are :
1 - Species richness: It takes into account the number of different species present in an area. So the more species, the more richer that place is.
2 - Species evenness: It describes the relative abundance of the different species in an area. That is, the more similar the abundance (quantity) of a species, the more uniform it will be.
The three main components of biodiversity are species diversity, genetic diversity, and habitat diversity. These are crucial for ensuring natural sustainability, resistance to diseases, and the adaptation to environmental changes.
Explanation:The three main components of biodiversity are species diversity, genetic diversity, and habitat diversity. Species diversity is the variety of different species within a specific area. Genetic diversity is the total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species, and habitat diversity refers to the range of different habitats present in an area.
Species diversity is important because a high diversity ensures natural sustainability for all life forms. Genetic diversity helps in providing resistance to diseases, and it enables natural populations to adapt to changes in the environment. Habitat diversity allows for a multitude of niches to be occupied by various species, enhancing species and genetic diversity.
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The thylakoid membrane becomes damaged, causing the inside of the thylakoid to mix with the stroma Which of the following processes is likely to be most affected by this damage?
A) The reduction ot NADP+ to NADP
B) Sunlight absorption by the chloroplasts
C) The movement of electrons from photosystem I (PSll) to photosystem I (PSI)
D) ATP synthesis
Answer:
The correct answer will be option-D.
Explanation:
Thylakoid membrane is the membrane of the thylakoid present in the chloroplast which encloses thylakoid lumen.
Thylakoid is the site of the light-dependent reaction as they contain chlorophyll in their photosystem. This membrane carries out main reactions of photosynthesis like water photolysis, ATP synthesis and electron transport chain.
If leaking is observed in this membrane then it will interfere with ATP synthesis as membrane maintains the proton gradient in and out of the thylakoid. The leaking will cause mixing the content of the stroma and lumen which will disturb the proton gradient. This proton gradient will prevent ATP synthesis.
Thus, option-D is the correct answer.
A claim put forth by some purveyors of health foods is that vitamins obtained from natural sources are more healthful than those obtained by chemical synthesis. For example, pure L‑ascorbic acid (vitamin C) extracted from rose hips is thought to be healthier than pure L‑ascorbic acid manufactured in a chemical plant. Are the vitamins from the two sources different? Can the body distinguish a vitamin's source?
Answer:
No, the vitamins from the two sources are not different.
No, the body cannot distinguish a vitamin's source.
Explanation:
Pure L-ascorbic acid extracted from rose hips is identical in every way to pure L-ascorbic acid synthesized in a plant.
The only difference that might distinguish the two is the presence of impurities such as byproducts or solvents used in the process of extraction or synthesis. However, "pure" implies that no such impurities are present.
No, the vitamins from two different sources are not different.
Body cannot distinguish a vitamin source.
Synthetic vitamins contain a much higher dose of nutrients than found in a normal food serving. Synthetic vitamins are consumed through dietary supplements and fortified foods.Other than this there is no such difference between the two.What are the vitamins?Vitamins are substances that bodies need to develop and function normally. They include vitamins A, C, D, E, and K and the B vitamins that are thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and folate/folic acid.Vitamin B and C are water soluble others are fat soluble.To know more about vitamins here
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Explain how the ozone layer forms? And the consequences of the destruction of the ozon layer.
Answer:
Explanation:
The atmospheric oxygen first combines with UV light of the sun and splits to form single atoms of oxygen.
- These single atom oxygen combines with atmospheric oxygen to form O3 molecules i.e. Ozone
O2 + UV -> O + O
O2 +O -> O3 (Ozone)
Overall reaction: 3O2 ---sunlight-----> 2O3
This forms a thin layer around earth's surface and protects the earth from harmful radiations from the sun.
Consequence of destruction of ozone layer-
Ozone layer is rapidly being depleted by the presence of pollutants in the atmosphere.
As a result there will be less protection from the harmful UV light of the sun.
UVB causes diseases like skin cancer and development of malignant meloma. In addition, UVB has been associated to the formation of cataracts, a clouding of the eye’s lens.
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Doubt clarification - use comment section.
he wings of birds and butterflies have the same function—they enable the organisms to fly. Which statement can be made about the evolutionary relationship between these organisms?
Birds and butterflies are very anatomically different, so even if their wings perform the same function, they probably evolved separately. This is called convergent evolution. The bat would be another example that fits in this category in regards to flying.
Energy can be carried by______ but matter cannot
Final answer:
Energy, such as light or heat, can be transferred through electromagnetic radiation, which includes visible light and other forms of energy like radio waves, without carrying matter.
Explanation:
Energy can be carried by electromagnetic radiation, but matter cannot. Unlike matter, energy can be transferred without transferring mass and can travel through a vacuum without any medium. For instance, light, which is a form of electromagnetic radiation, has no mass, always carries energy, and can move through empty space, enabling it to transport energy over vast distances. This is demonstrated by light's ability to pass through transparent materials, such as glass, without requiring physical matter to be moved. The unique nature of energy allows it to affect and rearrange matter, transfer as heat, or perform work, without being tangible in the way that matter—with its atoms and mass—is.
Which stage of Cell respiration produces CO2:
a. Glycolysis
b. Fermentation
c. Citric Acid cycle
d. Electron transport chain
Answer:
The correct answer will be option-C.
Explanation:
Cellular respiration is a slow process which oxidises the food to release energy in the form of ATP. The process proceeds in 4 stages: glycolysis, link reaction, Citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain.
The citric acid cycle produces energy molecules ATP and reducing equivalents -NADH, and FADH₂ by the oxidizing the acetyl-CoA and releases CO₂.
Thus, Option-C is the correct answer.
Answer: C : Citric acid Cycle
Explanation: Cell respiration or Cellular respiration is term by which food energy is converted into the usable energy source Adenosin triphosphate ( ATP ). Cell respiration is a set of metabolic reactions , processess and pathways.
Citric acid cycle is set of reactions by which maximum amount of CO2 is released. In Citric acid cycle acetyl CoA undergoes releactions in presence of necessary enzymes by which CO2 is released .
Which of the following processes require the presence of 02 in order to occur?
a. Glycolysis
b. Glycogenesis
c. Fermentation
d. Citric acid cycle
e. More than one is correct
Answer:
d. Citric acid cycle
Explanation:
The only process in the list that requires the presence of O2 in order to occur is the Citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle. This cycle is part of the aerobic cellular respiration and it occurs only when O2 is available. If there is no oxygen, an alternative process that could happen is fermentation, but this is only carried by some microorganisms and some cells such as muscle cells.
In fact, oxygen is not needed by citric acid cycle but it is by the next step: the electron transport chain. In this chain, oxygen is the final acceptor of electrons, and without oxygen, the Krebs cycle doesn't occur because the final electron transport chain can't be done.
Explain how continuous traits, like human height and skin color, are controlled by multiple alleles of multiple genes.
Answer:
Continuous traits are determined by total dosage of dominant alleles of all the regulatory gene and exhibit wide variation of phenotype within population.
Explanation:
Continuous traits such as skin color and human height are the polygenic traits and are regulated by multiple alleles of many genes. Each allele of each gene contributes to the phenotype and the effects of all the genes are additive to give a continuous trait.
The phenotype is regulated by the total number of dominant alleles of all the regulatory genes present in an individual.
Human skin color is a polygenic trait and is determined by the regulatory enzymes that determine the production of melanin pigment and its distribution.
Here, the genotype AABBCC having a total of 6 dominant alleles imparts extremely dark skin color to the individual while the genotype "aabbcc" does not have any dominant allele and give extremely light skin color.
The molecule that carries amino acids to the ribosome and binds to a mRNA ensuring a proper amino acid sequence in the resulting polypeptide is a(n):
a. tRNA
b. mRNA
c. rRNA
d. sRNA
Answer: a. tRNA
Explanation: The transference RNA is a nucleic acid that participates of the protein synthesis. tRNA is a small RNA with folding as a trefoil. The tRNA has a site where aminoacid is loaded and a anticodon site that is complementary to the codon in the mRNA, ensuring the proper aminoacid sequence in the resulting polypeptide.