Vertebrates and tunicates share a common chordate ancestry
Vertebrates and tunicates share a common ancestry and are both members of the phylum Chordata. Chordates are characterized by the presence of a notochord, a flexible rod-like structure that provides support.
During their embryonic development, both vertebrates and tunicates possess a notochord, which is one of the defining features of the phylum Chordata.
The notochord, typically present in the early stages of development in both groups, plays a crucial role in providing structural support.
In vertebrates, the notochord is eventually replaced by the vertebral column, while in tunicates, it regresses as they mature into their adult form.
Additionally, both vertebrates and tunicates exhibit a hollow, dorsal nerve cord, another distinctive characteristic of chordates.
This nerve cord develops into the central nervous system, which is the brain and spinal cord in vertebrates, and a simplified nerve ganglion in tunicates.
Despite these similarities, it's important to note that tunicates and vertebrates have significantly diverged in terms of their adult morphology and lifestyle.
Vertebrates are complex, multicellular organisms with well-developed nervous, circulatory, respiratory, and skeletal systems.
In contrast, tunicates, also known as sea squirts, are simpler, filter-feeding marine organisms.
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Hiv spread very rapidly through the gay male population because?
Why can't the bases sequence tgccgaacttgaa be translated directly?
Name the transportation process that uses energy to move ions against a concentration gradient
Active transport
Active transport is a transportation process that uses cellular energy to move molecules across a membrane from a region of their lower concentration to a region of their higher concentration against the concentration gradient. The two types of active transport are primary and secondary active transport.
Describe three ways in which the organs of the circulatory system and respiratory system are protected.
The ways in which the organs of the circulatory system and respiratory system are protected are through presence of mucous membrane.
What is Circulatory system?
This comprises of all the parts of the body which ensures that blood and other nutrients are distributed to different parts.
The presence of bones such as rib cage protect the heart and lungs while the skin also offers some form of protection against external elements.
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Which biome has been largely replaced by farms in north america?
When a stressful situation occurs, the brain's _____ activates the _____ nervous system. hypothalamus; parasympathetic hypothalamus; sympathetic hippocampus; parasympathetic hippocampus; sympathetic?
When a stressful situation occurs, the brain's hypothalamus activates the sympathetic nervous system.
There are autonomic responses whenever there is any psychological stress condition prepares the body to fight or adapt to it. The response to psychological or physical stress activates the sympathetic nervous system and inhibits the parasympathetic nervous system.
The HPA axis or the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responds to stress by releasing cortisol which influences metabolic, immunological and psychological functions. The HPA axis is regulated by several regions of the brain such as prefrontal cortex, hypothalamus, amygdala, limbic system etc.
Which pair of organisms would you expect to have more in common? two organisms from the same phylum two organisms from the same kingdom?
21a. Explain why ATP is important in biochemical reactions.
21b. Give TWO examples of biochemical reactions and explain how an organism uses ATP within the reactions.
Answer:
ATP is important because it provides energy for all biochemical reactions to happen.
ATP is used in the cellular respiration process and in the operation of sodium and potassium pump pumps.
Explanation:
ATP, or adenosine triphosphate, is a small molecule considered to be the “energy currency” of cells. This fame is due to the fact that ATP can store in its chemical bonds small amounts of energy from the breakdown of food. Therefore, the Adenosine Triphosphate molecule serves as a “container” for temporary energy storage. This energy is required in all biochemical processes in the body.
When the cell needs energy, for example, to run a sodium and potassium pump, it will break down the ATP molecule. This breakdown is quite simple as it is made by hydrolysis (breakage by water). This breaks the bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups and releases the energy that kept these two groups together.
ATP is also used during cellular respiration where glucose breakdown occurs to generate ATP. In organisms without mitochondria such as bacteria, respiration occurs in a structure called a mesosome. This process uses: glucose, oxygen and produces: ATP, carbon dioxide, and water.
As an action potential occurs, the neuron's electrical charge changes from _____ to _____.
a. negative; more negative
b. positive; negative
c. negative; positive
d. positive; more positive
The correct answer is option C, that is, from negative to positive.
Action potentials are those electrical impulses, which transmit signals around the body and are nothing more than a temporary shift, that is, from negative to positive in the neuron's membrane potential resulting due to the flowing of ions in and out of the neuron suddenly.
During the resting state, that is, prior to an action potential, all of the gated potassium and sodium channels are closed. They open once an action potential has been initiated. The sodium channel opens and more sodium ions move within the cell, making the charge more positive.
As an action potential occurs, the neuron's electrical charge changes from negative to positive. Therefore, option C is correct.
An action potential is a brief and rapid electrical event that occurs in neurons, specifically in the axons. It is a crucial mechanism for transmitting electrical signals along the length of a neuron.
During an action potential, there is a sudden and temporary reversal in the electrical charge across the cell membrane of the neuron. Normally, the inside of the neuron is negatively charged compared to the outside. However, when an action potential is generated, there is a rapid influx of positively charged ions, such as sodium ions, into the neuron, causing a brief depolarization. This depolarization changes the electrical charge inside the neuron from negative to positive. Thus, option C is correct.
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Antibiotics kills bacterial cells but not our cells. why? * 1 point they only attack viruses animals do not have cell walls, bacteria do have cell walls animals have cell walls, bacteria do not have cell walls our cells are resistant to antibiotics
Antibiotics kill bacterial cells and not human cells because they target the peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls, a structure absent in human cells. Some bacteria can evolve to resist antibiotics, however, making these drugs less effective.
Explanation:Antibiotics are medicines that primarily target bacterial cells, without causing damage to human cells. The primary reason for this capability is that antibiotics target certain aspects of the bacterial cells that are dissimilar to our cells, mainly their cell walls. Unlike human cells, bacterial cells have a cell wall made up of a unique substance called peptidoglycan.
Many antibiotics function by inhibiting the synthesis of peptidoglycan, which weakens the bacterial cell wall and makes it more susceptible to osmotic pressure. This leads to the destruction of the bacterial cells, thus combating the infection. However, it's important to note that some bacteria can develop antibiotic resistance, evolving in ways that render antibiotics less effective against them.
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Marilyn has had a lump removed from her breast and sent off to a pathologist for examination. what description of the tumor would marilyn consider good news? the tumor is benign the tumor is malignant neither of the above is good news – cancer is cancer
What is the function of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses? it converts host cell rna into viral dna. it uses viral rna as a template for dna synthesis. it hydrolyzes the host cell's dna. it translates viral rna into proteins. it uses viral rna as a template for making complementary rna strands?
Reverse transcriptase in retroviruses converts viral RNA into DNA using the RNA as a template, enabling the virus to incorporate its genetic material into the host's DNA. This enzyme is essential for the replication process in retroviruses. It does not hydrolyze the host DNA, translate viral RNA into proteins, or make complementary RNA strands.
Explanation:The function of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses is crucial for the viral replication process. It is an enzyme that converts viral RNA into DNA. This specific action allows the retrovirus to incorporate its genetic material into the host cell's DNA. The process begins with the virus using its RNA as a template. Reverse transcriptase then synthesizes a complementary DNA (cDNA) strand from the RNA template, creating a viral DNA that is a precise copy of the viral RNA. Therefore, it is not accurate to say that reverse transcriptase hydrolyzes the host cell's DNA nor does it translate viral RNA into proteins. Moreover, this enzyme does not make complementary RNA strands - it generates DNA from RNA.
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Cancer develops from a single cell that goes awry.
a. True
b. False
Cancer develops from a single cell that goes awry. This statement is True
Cancer does indeed develop from a single cell that undergoes abnormal changes or mutations in its genetic material (DNA).
These mutations can cause the cell to divide and grow uncontrollably, forming a mass of cells known as a tumor. Over time, cancer cells can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body through a process called metastasis.
While there can be multiple factors that contribute to the development of cancer, it typically starts with a single cell that undergoes malignant transformation. This statement is True
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You get violently ill one hour after eating a meal. what possible form of food intoxication might you have contracted?
e. coli staphlococcus aureus salmonella camplybacter jejuni
what is the goal of restoration ecology
Restoration ecology aims to restore and repair damaged ecological systems back to their original state, and to enhance biodiversity and create sustainable ecosystems.
Explanation:The goal of restoration ecology is to repair and restore degraded ecological systems back to their natural, original state. Often due to anthropogenic, or human-related activities, ecosystems can suffer damage, causing biodiversity loss or changes in ecosystem processes.
Restoration ecology techniques include removing invasive species, replanting native species, restoration of soil and water resources, and revitalizing the functioning and structure of the ecosystem.
This entire process aims to enhance biodiversity and create sustainable ecosystems that can once again provide important ecological services such as carbon sequestration, water purification, and habitat for diverse flora and fauna.
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"during meiosis homologous chromosomes frequently exchange portions of their dna. this process further increases the number of different genotypes that can appear in an offspring. what is the name of this process?'
What are the basic characteristics of sponges and archeocyathans?
Identify two ways in which environmental resources are important to human health. biology
Answer:
1. Oxygen
2. Vitamins and minerals
Explanation:
Environment has given us various essential resources to sustain human life on planet earth
1. Oxygen -
Oxygen is very essential for survival of human. A person can live without food and water for some time and not without air. Breathing also provides energy for all our metabolic processes
2. Vitamins and Minerals
Both Vitamins and minerals are natural element which are very essential for regulating the growth, functioning and health of our body. These element cannot be produced by man.
What are the resources the human body needs to survive? what role does food play in the human body? what role does water play in the human body? what role does oxygen play in the human body? what human body systems work to create, process, or distribute the body's main power sources? how do personal factors and environmental factors impact the body's ability to survive without air, food, or water?
Answer:...........
In humans, cystic fibrosis is a recessive genetic disorder that results in mucus clogging major organs. If both parents are genetically heterozygous for cystic fibrosis, then what are their chances of having a child with the disease? A) 25% B) 50% C) 75% D) 100%
Heterozygous parents have genotype Aa. If we cross two of them then:
Parents: Aa x Aa
F1 generation: AA Aa Aa aa
This means that the chances of having a child with the disease are ¼ (or 25%) and that is the child with genotype aa (homozygous recessive).Answer:
25%
Explanation:
i did the usatestprep.
The two characteristics of a bond that affect the frequency of infrared radiation absorbed by that bond are:
difference between batesian and mullerian mimicry
Batesian mimicry involves a harmless species mimicking a harmful one without any real defenses, while Müllerian mimicry involves multiple harmful species sharing warning coloration to mutually reinforce predator avoidance.
Explanation:The difference between Batesian and Müllerian mimicry lies in the authenticity of the signal they send to potential predators. In Batesian mimicry, a harmless species mimics the warning coloration of a harmful one. This strategy protects the harmless species as predators mistake them for the toxic species they resemble. However, these mimics do not possess any real defense mechanisms aside from their mimicry. An example of this is the bee-like robber fly which resembles the bumblebee, without possessing the ability to sting.
In contrast, Müllerian mimicry involves multiple species that not only share similar warning coloration but are also genuinely harmful to predators. In this form of mimicry, all participating species benefit as they mutually reinforce the avoidance behavior among predators. A classic example is the convergence of foul-tasting butterfly species, where each butterfly species is unpalatable on its own.
If the Batesian mimic did not have its mimicry attributes, it would likely face increased levels of predation due to the absence of the deceptive protection mimicry provides.
Botulism is generally associated with ingestion of the toxin produced by clostridium botulinum. the activity of the toxin will result in __________.
What std is caused by the bacterium treponema pallidum and is highly contagious?
Syphilis, a highly contagious STI caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum, progresses through primary, secondary, and tertiary stages and can be fatal if left untreated.
Explanation:The sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum is syphilis. This infection is highly contagious and can be spread through direct physical contact, primarily sexual. After entering the body, T. pallidum disseminates rapidly into the bloodstream and tissues.
Syphilis progresses through three stages if left untreated: primary syphilis with a hard chancre; secondary syphilis with skin and mucous membrane lesions; and tertiary syphilis, which may lead to fatal complications. In 2015, there were almost 75,000 new cases reported in the United States. It is essential for syphilis to be diagnosed and treated early to prevent long-term damage and spread of the infection.
what is the correct sequence of natural flowing water?
Answer:
The answer is Characteristic streaming water cycle are as per the following.
Explanation:
Begins from the Ocean and dampness present ashore and different living beings, it vanishes into air as water vapor which makes it the vapor condensates as it chills off. After which it progresses toward becoming accelerates and offers back to the sea and some penetrates the water frameworks ashore before it runs and returns into the fundamental waterways. We have sub cycles, for example, liquefying of the ice tops , sublimation and sublimation.
What is the stimulus for reflex flicking movements?
The stimulus for the reflex flicking movements are vertical movements that enables the animal to respond to its environment.
What is a reflex action?A reflex action is an action that goes on without the conscious effort of a person. It is controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system.
The stimulus for the reflex flicking movements are vertical movements that enables the animal to respond to its environment.
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DNA passes information to RNA during the process of ?
What is a ribozyme?
a. an enzyme that uses rna as a substrate
b. an rna with enzymatic activity
c. an enzyme that catalyzes the association between the large and small ribosomal subunits
d. an enzyme that synthesizes rna as part of the transcription process
e. an enzyme that synthesizes rna primers during dna replication?
The digestive system takes in nutrients and breaks down these nutrients for energy. The solid waste products that are generated during digestion are removed from the human body by the what?
About 53% of all deaths in the u.s. are caused by cardiovascular disease and: