What are sleep patterns?

The term ''tissue'' refers to a group of similar cells. Being a combination of equal cells, a tissue has the same function in any part of the body.

The four types of tissues are:

. The epithelial tissue

. The connective tissue

. Muscle tissue

. The nervous tissue

. The epithelial tissue serves as a cover, among these are the skin and the lining of several ducts inside the body. It is divided into two general classifications: Simple Epithelium and Stratified Epithelium.

. The connective tissue supports and joins other tissues such as bone, blood and lymphatic as well as adipose tissue and reticular tissue.

. Muscle tissue consists of striated or voluntary muscles that move the skeleton and smooth muscle, such as the one that surrounds the stomach. It is divided into three types: Skeletal Muscle Tissue, Cardiac Muscle Tissue and Smooth Muscle Tissue.

. Nervous tissue is formed by nerve cells or neurons and serves to carry messages to and from various parts of the body. This tissue is present mostly in the brains and spinal cord. It has two types of tissue: The Nerve Cell and the Neuroglia.

ANSWER:

The correct order is-  Zygote, Blastula, Gastrula, Fetus.

EXPLANATION:

In embryonic development, the correct order is: Zygote, Blastula, Gastrula, and Fetus. This process involves fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, and growth & development.

The correct order for the sequence of embryonic development is: 1. Zygote, 2. Blastula, 3. Gastrula, 4. Fetus. The process begins with fertilization, resulting in a single-celled Zygote. Through a process known as cleavage, the zygote undergoes rapid cell division to form the Blastula. The blastula is usually a spherical layer of cells surrounding a fluid-filled or yolk-filled cavity. This blastula then undergoes a process called gastrulation, rearranging itself spatially to form three layers of cells, turning into the Gastrula. These layers differentiate into different organ systems. Further development and growth leads to the formation of a Fetus.

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Answer:

The stimuli is photoreceptor

Explanation:

The fish has been conditioned to react to light so it has conditioned response

Answer: Unconditioned response

Explanation:

The stimuli in this case is light which leads to the response produced by the fishes. This is an example of the unconditioned response in which the body responses to the stimuli involuntarily.

This response is not a voluntary response this is a kind of involuntary response by the body.

This response is produced due to the stimuli which is given again and again. This response stops with time. Example: If the food is not given to the fishes even when when the light is turned on.

Then slowly the response of the fishes will go away.

Answer:

Reverse transcription

Explanation:

Some viruses such as HIV have RNA as genetic material.  In them RNA stores genetic information. These viruses are called retroviruses. They are known as retroviruses because they have the enzyme reverse transcriptase. During protein synthesis, they use RNA as a template to synthesise complimentary DNA with the help of reverse transcriptase. Thus central dogma is as follows:

RNA ⇒ DNA  ⇒   mRNA ⇒ protein  

Reverse transcription ⇒ Transcription ⇒ translation  

Answer:

atmospheric nitrogen converted into early water vapor which was later pressurized into liquid

Answer:

atmospheric nitrogen converted into early water vapor which was later pressurized into liquid

Explanation:

Explanation:

Diabetes mellitus results from a deficiency in the amount of insulin released from the pancreas in response to glucose (type I) or from a decrease in the ability of muscle and fat cells to respond to insulin (type II). In both types, the regulation of blood glucose is impaired, leading to persistent hyperglycemia and numerous other possible complications in untreated patients such as tissue damage, raises the risk of heart-attack, kidney disease and vision deterioration. Type I diabetes is caused by an autoimmune process that destroys the insulin-producing B cells in the pancreas. Also called insulin-dependent diabetes, this form of the disease is generally responsive to insulin therapy. Most Americans with diabetes mellitus have type II, but the underlying cause of this form of the disease is not well understood.

Diabetes mellitus leads to high glucose levels in the blood, or hyperglycemia, due to a lack of insulin production (Type 1 diabetes) or insulin resistance (Type 2 diabetes). Insulin regulates blood glucose levels by enabling cellular glucose uptake and storage. In contrast, glucagon triggers the release of glucose into the blood when glucose levels are low.

Diabetes mellitus, a condition associated with high blood glucose levels, results primarily from either a destruction of the cells that produce insulin (the pancreas' beta cells) or a decrease in the sensitivity of target cells to circulating insulin (insulin resistance).

Type 1 diabetes, an autoimmune disease affecting the beta cells of the pancreas, leads to a lack of insulin production. On the other hand, Type 2 diabetes often involves target cell resistance to the effects of insulin.

Insulin plays a crucial role in regulating blood glucose levels. It allows cells to utilize blood glucose and store any excess glucose for later use. Reduced insulin activity, therefore, leads to an accumulation of glucose in the bloodstream, a condition known as hyperglycemia.

Glucagon, another hormone produced by the pancreas, acts in opposition to insulin. It gets released in response to low blood glucose levels and stimulates the breakdown of glycogen into glucose, thus increasing the blood glucose levels.

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Answer:

Acetylcholine and GRP stimulates and increase the gastrin secretion in the stomach.

Explanation:

Acetylcholine can acts as a neurotransmitter as well as hormone. The parasymapthetic nerves release acetylcholine that stimulates the release of gastrin secretion in the stomach and helps in the process of digestion.

Gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) acts as a regulatory molecule of the gastrin. GRP is a neuropeptide hormones that helps in the secretion of gastrin by stimulating the G cells of the stomach.

Thus, both GRP and acetylcholine stimulates the gastrin secretion.

Acetylcholine and GRP play crucial roles in the secretion of gastrin, which is essential for the production of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach, facilitating protein digestion and smooth muscle contractions, while also featuring mechanisms to prevent excessive acid secretion.

The roles of acetylcholine and GRP (gastrin-releasing peptide) in gastrin secretion are central to the process of gastric acid production, which is crucial for protein digestion in the stomach. When food enters the stomach, it causes distention that activates stretch receptors. This, in turn, stimulates parasympathetic neurons to release acetylcholine, which increases the secretion of gastric juice. Additionally, partially digested proteins, caffeine, and a rising pH level in the stomach stimulate the release of gastrin from enteroendocrine G cells.

Gastrin then prompts parietal cells to increase their production of hydrochloric acid (HCl), essential for converting pepsinogen to pepsin, and for further protein digestion. This hormone not only stimulates acid and enzyme production but also triggers vigorous smooth muscle contractions. However, the stomach has built-in safeguards to prevent excessive acid secretion and potential heartburn, such as suspending HCl secretion and increasing mucous production when pH levels drop too low, exhibiting a natural mechanism for maintaining homeostasis.

I believe the correct answer is D. React to stimuli from outside the body.

Hormones are types of proteins that produce responses hand in hand with neurons but they are much slower and longer lasting. They can act on the same cells and in that instance they will be called autocrine hormones. Those that act on neighbouring cells are called paracrine hormones while those that act on far away cells are called endocrine hormones.

This is a function of hormone(s). Hormones such as testosterone can initiate both behavior of an organism and also stimulate reproduction. Testosterone causes maturation of sex features and sperms in males to initiate reproduction. Other hormones with such functions include: Estrogen and adrenaline.

Some hormones conduct this function by regulation metabolism in the body. These include: Insulin in intake of glucose for energy and glucagon in maintaining blood glucose levels. Corticosterone also responds in stress to maintain energy.

Nutrition can be maintained by hormones such as ghrelin that stimulates appetite, insulin in intake of glucose, leptin and glucagon.

This is not a function of a hormone but rather the function of a neuron. Neurons have specific structures called denrites that recieve signals/stimuli from outside the body then convert them to nerve impulses that are transmitted to the brain which produces another impulse to be taken to a specific site to produce a desired response.

Level: High Schoo;

Answer:

a. 8.1 milligrams

b. 40.07 hours

c. 8.859 milligrams

Explanation:

If a person takes a prescribed dose of 10 milligrams of Valium, the amount of Valium in that person's bloodstream at any time can be modeled by

[tex]A_{t}=10e^{-0.0173t}[/tex]

Where A(t) = amount of Valium remaining in the blood after t hours

t = time or duration after the drug is taken

a. we have to calculate the amount of drug remaining in the bloodstream after 12 hours

[tex]A_{12}=10e^{-0.0173\times12}[/tex]

[tex]A_{12}=10e^{-0.2076}[/tex]

                = 10×0.81253

                = 8.1 milligrams

b. In this part we have to calculate the time when A(t) = 5 milligrams

[tex]5=10e^{-0.0173\timest}[/tex]

[tex]\frac{5}{10}=e^{-0.0173t}[/tex]

0.5 = [tex]e^{-0.0173t}[/tex]

Now we take natural log on both the sides of the equation.

ln(0.5) = ln([tex]e^{-0.0173t})[/tex]

-0.69314 = -0.0173t

t = [tex]\frac{0.69314}{0.0173}[/tex]

t = 40.0658

 ≈ 40.07 hours

c. In this part we have to calculate the rate, by which amount of drug will decay in the bloodstream after 7 hours.

[tex]A_{7}=10e^{-0.0173\times7}[/tex]

[tex]A_{7}=10e^{-0.1211}[/tex]

              = 10×0.8859

              = 8.859 milligrams

12 hours after taking a 10-mg dose of Valium, approximately 2.3 mg remains in the person's bloodstream. It takes around 39.98 hours for the dose to decay to 5 mg. The rate of decay 7 hours after taking the dose is approximately -0.158 mg/hr.

To answer these questions, we will use the exponential decay function A(t) = 10e−0.0173t, where A(t) represents the amount of Valium in the bloodstream at time t.

For part a, to calculate how much Valium remains in the bloodstream after 12 hours, plug in t = 12 into the function: A(12) = 10e−0.0173(12) = 2.30 mg.

For part b, to find how long it will take for the 10 mg dose to decay to 5 mg, you will solve 5 = 10e−0.0173t. Solving this, we find t ≈ 39.98 hours.

For part c, to find the rate of decay 7 hours after a 10-mg dose is taken, we should first compute the derivative of A(t) with respect to t, which is A'(t) = -0.0173 * 10e-0.0173t. Plugging in t = 7, we get A'(7) ≈ -0.158 mg/hr.

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The cell culture will have approximately 563 trillion cells after 25 hours of growth.

The rate of growth of a cell culture is proportional to its size. In this case, the cell culture grew from 1 million cells to 99 million cells in 10 hours. Since the growth is exponential, we can use the formula 2^n, where n is the number of generations. If we let the initial number of cells be 1 million (2^0), then after 10 hours, there were 99 million cells (2^10). So, the total number of generations is 10. Now we can use this information to figure out how large the cell culture will be after 25 hours.

Since 1 day (24 hours) corresponds to 48 generations, we can use the formula 2^n, where n is 48, to find the number of cells after 24 hours. Using the formula, we get: 2^48 = 281,474,976,710,656 cells. So, after 24 hours, the cell culture will have approximately 281 trillion cells.

Since the growth is exponential, we can use the formula to figure out the number of cells after 25 hours. Using the formula, we get: 2^49 = 562,949,953,421,312 cells. So, after 25 hours, the cell culture will have approximately 563 trillion cells.

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The cell culture will be approximately [tex]\( 1.139 \times 10^{13} \)[/tex] cells after 25 hours.

Given that the rate of growth of the cell culture is proportional to its size, we can model the growth of the cell population using an exponential growth equation:

[tex]\[ P(t) = P_0 e^{kt} \][/tex]

where:

- ( P(t) ) is the population at time ( t),

- [tex]\( P_0 \)[/tex] is the initial population,

- ( k ) is the growth rate constant,

- ( e ) is the base of the natural logarithm,

- ( t ) is the time in hours.

From the problem, we know that:

- [tex]\( P_0 = 10^6 \)[/tex] cells (1 million cells),

- [tex]\( P(10) = 99 \times 10^6 \)[/tex] cells (99 million cells after 10 hours),

- ( t = 10 ) hours for the first set of conditions.

We can use these values to solve for ( k ):

[tex]\[ 99 \times 10^6 = 10^6 e^{k \cdot 10} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ 99 = e^{10k} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ \ln(99) = 10k \][/tex]

[tex]\[ k = \frac{\ln(99)}{10} \][/tex]

Now that we have ( k ), we can find the population after 25 hours by substituting ( t = 25 ) into the original growth equation:

[tex]\[ P(25) = 10^6 e^{(\ln(99)/10) \cdot 25} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ P(25) = 10^6 e^{(2.5 \cdot \ln(99))} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ P(25) = 10^6 \cdot (e^{\ln(99)})^{2.5} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ P(25) = 10^6 \cdot 99^{2.5} \][/tex]

Using a calculator, we can approximate [tex]\( 99^{2.5} \)[/tex]:

[tex]\[ P(25) \approx 10^6 \cdot 1.139 \times 10^{12} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ P(25) \approx 1.139 \times 10^{13} \][/tex]

Answer:

Pyramidal decussation is at the junction of medulla and spinal cord.

Explanation:

Pyramidal decussation may be defined as the the fibers that cross the corticospinal tract from one side to the junction and the other side to the central nervous system.

Pyramidal decussation is the point at the junction between spinal cord and medulla. The motor fibers crosses the midline from the medullary pyramids.

Answer:

this is just an example: 1. ask friend to borrow keys to get something from car. 2. ask to borrow car itself to take thing home. 3. explain it's going to take a while to drive car home and back so might as well just borrow car for the night.

Explanation:

foot in the door phenomenon is asking for something small and gradually building up to a larger request. most people are hesitant if you ask for something big right off the bat, but are more likely to accept bigger requests if they've accepted a smaller request and are eased into the larger one.

To borrow a friend's car using the foot-in-the-door technique, start by asking for a smaller favor to establish a precedent of compliance, then make the larger request to borrow the car.

To use the foot-in-the-door technique, you can first ask to borrow something small from her, such as a book or a piece of clothing. Once she has agreed to this smaller request, you can then follow up by asking to borrow her car for the night. The foot-in-the-door phenomenon suggests that she will be more likely to agree to the larger request after having said yes to the smaller one because agreeing to the small favor sets a precedent for cooperative behavior and can make her feel more committed to helping you further.

Answer:

The correct answer is option C- "oxidize, reduce".

Explanation:

Fermentation is a process analogous to cellular respiration and, just like the latter, it involves oxidization and reduction of molecules with the final purpose of producing energy. During the process of fermentation nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide + hydrogen (NADH) is oxidized to its original form of NAD with a plus charge; while other organic molecules such as piruvate are reduced.

In fermentation, NADH molecules are oxidized, and organic molecules are reduced. This reaction allows NAD+ to be regenerated from NADH enabling glycolysis to continue anaerobically.

In fermentation, the molecules of NADH are oxidized while the organic molecules are reduced. This process involves glycolysis where glucose is broken down, and during the latter stages, NADH donates electrons to an organic molecule, converting it to a more reduced form such as ethanol in alcoholic fermentation. At the same time, NADH is oxidized back to NAD+, which allows glycolysis to continue in the absence of oxygen.

Specifically, during alcoholic fermentation, acetaldehyde is reduced to ethanol using the electrons from NADH, simultaneously oxidizing NADH back to NAD+. This recycling of NAD+ is crucial for glycolysis to proceed in anaerobic conditions, providing cells with ATP. Unlike processes requiring oxygen, fermentation does not utilize the TCA cycle or the electron transport chain and relies on organic molecules to accept the electrons that were carried by NADH.

Answer:

Homo species have differences in brachial index, face and teeth size as compared with australopithecines.

Explanation:

Australopithecines were found in pleistoocene era and adapted to the bipedal locomotion but shows differences in walking style as compared to early homo species. They have large brachial index. The postcanines were large but incisors and canines were small.

Early homo species were found around 2 million years ago. They shows bipedal locomotion with different walking styles. The brachial index of early homo species was small as compared with the australopithecines. The post canines were small but incisors and canines were large.

Answer:

Sclera

Explanation:

Sclera is also known as the white of the eye. Sclera is the tough white portion of the outer coat of the eye.

Sclera protects the eye from the inside and helps in maintaining the eye structure. Sclera mainly consists of collagen and elastic fibers. Sclera increases the nonverbal communication in an organism.

Thus, the correct answer is option (a).

The white portion of the tough outer coat of the eye is called the sclera.

Answer:

5′−ATGATACTAAGGCCC−3′

3'--TACTATGATTCCGGG--5'

5'-AUGAUACUAAGGCCC-3'

Ile-Ile-Leu-Arg-Pro

Explanation:

To decode which amino acids will be encoded by the sequence, first the strand must be translated. Remember G pairs with C and T (replaced with an U)  with A.

With the translated strand once, use the amino acids decoder chart, and separate the strand in codons. For each codon  follow the left column for the first letter, the top column for the second, and the right column for the third.

Answer:

fMet-Ile- Leu-Arg-Pro.

Explanation:

First of all, the DNA sequence will need to be transcribed into its respective mRNA so as to know the codons that will that will translate to each amino acid.

However, for a non-template DNA strand, the DNA sequence is the same as the mRNA sequence except that the thymine base in DNA is replaced with uracil base in the mRNA.

Hence,  5′−ATGATACTAAGGCCC−3′ will become 5'-AUGAUACUAAGGCCC-3'.

The first codon AUG represents the start codon (Methionine) and using the genetic codon table

AUA = isoleusine (Ile)

CUA = leucine (leu)

AGG = Arginine (arg)

CCC = proline (pro)

Adding the amino acids from left to right in order of translation, it becomes fMet-Ile- Leu-Arg-Pro.

Answer: I believe this is called the epimysium

Answer:

A. Cell body

Explanation:

The cell body of a neuron is also called soma and have a nucleus and cytoplasm. The cytoplasm of the cell body contains organelles such as mitochondria, lysosomes, etc.

Nissl bodies are the structures present in the cytoplasm of the cell body. The Nissl bodies consist of ribosomes and RER (rough endoplasmic reticulum). Since the cell body has RER and ribosomes, it serves as a site for protein synthesis in neurons.

Answer:

B. The arrangement of chromosomes at metaphase of meiosis depends on the arrangement of all other chromosome pairs.

Explanation:

Each chromosome pair during meiosis arrange itself on the equator of the cell. Here, one homologous chromosome pair arranges itself on the equator independently of other homologous pairs. This random and independent arrangement of chromosomal pairs results in their random and independent segregation during anaphase.

Answer:

(a). Breast cancer.

Explanation:

HRT or hormone replacement therapy can be defined as a type of hormone therapy, which is used for the treatment of menopause symptoms in females. It includes various hormones, including estrogen.

Estrogen is a female hormone that is normally synthesized in females during their reproductive age, which helps in regulation of menstrual cycle, production of milk, and thickening of uterus lining.

However, increased level of estrogen also increases risk of developing certain types of cancers, such as breast cancer as it makes the cells to multiply rapidly and increase production of mutant cancerous cells (if present).  

Hence, a woman who is taking estrogen as HRT can develop breast cancer due to higher level of estrogen. Thus, the correct answer is option (a).

In the F1 generation, all offsprings will have the genotype 'TRr' leading to a phenotype of Tall, Pink Snapdragons.

In this cross, the dwarf, red snapdragon plant can be represented as 'ttRr' and the tall, white snapdragon plant as 'TTRr'. A Punnett square can be used to predict the outcomes of this cross for the F1 generation.

The results would be as follows:

The capital T represents the dominant allele for 'tallness', and therefore overpowers the recessive 't' allele, resulting in all tall plants. The heterozygous Rr indicates incomplete dominance, so instead of red or white flowers, we see pink ones.

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Answer:

A. outside plasma membrane:

1. cell wall   6. flagella

B. outside of the cell

4. fimbriae   5. pilus

C. in cytoplasm

2. nucleoid   3. ribosome

Explanation:

Bacteria is one of the three domains of cellular organisms. Bacteria are prokaryotes, cells that lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelle.

The plasma membrane is the outer membrane that enclosed the cytoplasm and cytoplasmic substance. The cell wall is covering the present out of the cell membrane or plasma membrane. Flagella are attached to the plasma membrane but it is present outside of the plasma membrane.

Fimbriae and pilus are the structure present outside of the cell wall and help to attach it to other cells or any surface. Nucleoid and ribosomes are present in the cytoplasm of the bacterial cell.

Answer:

[tex]0.288[/tex]

Explanation:

Given

Individuals in a population having genotype A1A1  [tex]= 180[/tex]

Individuals in a population having genotype A1A2  [tex]= 144[/tex]

Individuals in a population having genotype A2A2 [tex]= 175[/tex]

Hence, the total number of individuals in a population [tex]= 180 + 144+ 175\\= 499\\[/tex]

Thus, frequency of Individuals in a population having genotype A1A2 [tex]= \frac{X}{Y}[/tex]

Where X [tex]=[/tex] Individuals in a population having genotype A1A2

Y [tex]=[/tex] total population

Substituting the given values in above equation, we get -

[tex]\frac{144}{499} \\0.288\\[/tex]

Answer:

b. Cities like New York, New Orleans, and Miami will be flooded by ocean water.

Explanation:

The theory says global warming will cause the temperature of the planetary atmosphere to rise. The hotter environment will make ice masses of Greenland, and the poles to melt completely and make coastal cities like New York, New Orleans, and Miami flooded by the ocean.

Answer:

B. the endothelium of CNS capillaries forms a blood-brain barrier

Explanation:

Commonly known as the blood-brain barrier or BBB is formed by the action of endothelial cells of brain which line the cerebral microvasculature. The BBB is a vital mechanism that protects the brain from the action of many circulating agents which are present in different medications like xenobiotics or other neurotransmitters which can disrupt the neural functions or harm them. The BBB also functions to protect the brain from the fluctuations in plasma composition of brain cells.

Hope it helps!

Answer: A) increased adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms

Explanation:

The phenomenon of phagocytosis can be facilitated by certain substances called opsonins. Particles coated by antibodies or by certain products of the activation complement system adhere to the phagocyte membrane and are internalized more rapidly and intensely than those that are not opsonized. In the macrophage membrane, there are surface molecules, known as receptors, that have an affinity for these opsonins.

Opsonization increases the adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms, allowing for easier recognition, engulfment, and destruction of the pathogen by the immune system.

The effect of opsonization is increased adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms. Opsonization is a process where pathogens are coated with a chemical substance, known as opsonin, which makes them more recognizable for phagocytic cells (like macrophages or neutrophils). This coating aids in the recognition, engulfment, and destruction of the pathogen by these cells. For instance, antibodies complexed with macromolecules, such as IgM and IgG in serum that bind to antigens, increase the attraction of phagocytic cells, mark these pathogens for destruction, and so enhance opsonization, leading to rapid clearing of pathogens.

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Answer:

The human body can store 350-500 grams of glycogen in the body.

Explanation:

The glucose present in the body provides energy. The glucose each gram is changed to 4 kilo calories of energy which can be easily utilized by the body. The stored glycogen provides energy by converting to glucose. The muscle consist of around 400 gm of glycogen and the liver consist of 100 gm of glycogen.

The muscle uses this stored glycogen at the time of energy requirement. The liver also act as a reservoir of glycogen.

Answer:

The orderly flow of carbon through the TCA cycle is possible because of the substrate channeling between the enzymes of the cycle present in form of metabolons in mitochondrial matrix.

Explanation:

Enzymes of TCA cycle are not embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The enzymes are present in the matrix of mitochondria. However, these enzymes are present in the form of multiple enzyme complexes called metabolons.  

Substrate channeling through multienzyme complexes does not allow the product of one enzymatic reaction to leave the complex. Since the product of one enzyme is a substrate for another enzyme of metabolons, the order of the reactions is maintained.  

Answer:

Option (A)

Explanation:

Convergent evolution may be defined as the independent evolution of similar features in different species. This evolution shows analogous structure that perform similar function but do not have a common ancestor.

Penguins, sea turtles and manatees forelimb is an example of convergent evolution because similar forelimb structure evolution has occurred in different species lineage. The convergent evolution of forelimb structure in these species permit movement in water.

Thus, the correct answer is option (A).

Answer:

The human cell system has a pretty advanced and effective way of communication. This communication between cells, whether it be of a single system, or between systems, is carried out by chemical reactions and gradients, and also through the intercession of molecules known as neurotransmitters. This is the case of the nervous system and its means of communication.

When we talk about neurotransmitters (the messengers) and neuroreceptors (the gatekeepers that receive the message and produce a reaction), we are literally talking about communication in the nervous system.

There are two types of neuroreceptors for trasmitters: the ionotropic (ligand-gated ion channels) and the metabotropic (second-messenger gated receptors, or G-protein coupled receptors). While the first type depends entirely on the availability of a ligand that binds to the receptor to open up the influx of ions from outside and inside of the cell to create a gradient that will ensure a cell response, the second does not open any ion channels and literaly what it does is receive the message from a neurotransmitter, and through the G-protein bound to the receptor, once it gets the necessary message, detaches and carries out the information to the cell. This is broadly how neurotransmittion can be carried out in the nervous system.