What evidence supports the hypothesis that rats and fleas were the main cause of the spread of the bubonic plague? What evidence refuted this hypothesis?

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

The answer is below

Explanation:

The evidence that support that the rat and fleas were the main cause of the bubonic plague is the discovery of efficient transmission of Yersinia pestis, that is considered to occur as a result of the bites of fleas, particularly, flea-bearing rodent whose mid guts become obstructed by replicating Y. pestis a few days after it has fed on an infected host.

Hence, the blockage leads to starvation and intensive mode of feeding attitude by fleas, and in attempt to constantly clear their blockage by regurgitation, this leads to thousands of plague bacteria being flushed into the feeding site, thereby infecting the host.

However, The evidence that refuted the hypothesis that the rat and fleas were the main cause of the bubonic plague, is the observation of epizootic modelling plague in prairie dogs, this suggested that occasional reservoirs of infection such as an infectious carcass, rather than "blocked fleas" are an elaborate and more detailed explanation for the observed epizootic behaviour of the disease in nature.


Related Questions

What is social Darwinism

Answers

Answer: The theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals.

Answer:

The theory that individuals, groups, and nations are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals.

Is it true almost 30% of all manufacturing jobs in Texas between 1920 and 1930 were in the oil industry?​

Answers

Answer:

yes  it is

Explanation:

What did the Greeks adopt from the Phoenicians?

Answers

Through colonization, greeks obtained culture and new styles of living from the Phoenicians

How did the civil rights movement interact with the anti war movement?

Answers

Answer: The Vietnam War divided the civil rights movement and African-Americans more than any other event in American history, exacerbating pre-existing rifts in the civil rights coalition, and it diverted attention away from the struggle for racial justice and toward opposition to the war,” argues Daniel Lucks, author of “Selma to Saigon: The Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War,” published in March. “All these factors had profound and tragic consequences for the civil rights movement and for black America.”

The civil rights movement interact with the anti war movement as their ability to work with antiwar groups that were primarily white was in peril.

What do you mean by Movement?

Movement is the act or condition of moving the location or orientation of the body or a bodily part from one position to another.

It became evident that these civil rights organizations' capacity to collaborate with largely white antiwar organizations was in risk as they removed their white members. The ejected whites, many of whom later became involved in the antiwar movement, were not unaware of this.

With the start of the bombing of North Vietnam in 1964 and the deployment of combat troops the following year, the American war in Vietnam ignited the most persistent anti-war movement in American history.

Therefore, Their ability to work with antiwar groups that were primarily white was in peril.

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immediately after the French named Louis-Philippe king, more people were allowed to do what

Answers

They were allowed to vote. They were ultimately given more political rights.

What turned the tide of the war in the pacific for american troops?

Answers

Answer:

There were several battles in the Pacific theater during WWII that were considered turning points. Of these includes the Battle of Guadalcanal, the Battle of Midway, and the Battle of Coral Sea.

What were the results of the 2006 midterm elections? I need the answer as soon as possible

Answers

Negative perceptions of Bush following the slow governmental response to Hurricane

"Hitler is a man of simple tastes, a vegetarian for health reasons, a non-smoker and teetotaler. Possessed of extraordinary vitality, four hours' sleep and twenty hours' work make up his normal working day... As a speaker, Hitler exercises astonishing sway over a German audience, presumably because public speaking is an unknown art in Germany. His speeches are practically repetitions of a few simple main theses, in the course of which platitudes are uttered with such extraordinary emphasis that an unsophisticated audience mistakes them for newly minted aphorisms. He has sized up the German audience during his fifteen years of apprenticeship with astonishing accuracy. This and an undeniable political instinct has brought him to the top of the tree."—Short description of Adolf Hitler prepared by the British Embassy in Berlin, January 1937
According to the author of this text, which characteristic led to Hitler's political success?

A. his remarkable intelligence
B. his ability to work long days with little sleep
C. his ability to communicate with the public
D. his healthy habits

Answers

Answer: According to the author of this text, Hitler's ability to communicate with the public led to his political success.

An excerpt from the question, "As a speaker, Hitler exercises astonishing sway over a German audience, presumably because public speaking is an unknown art in Germany. His speeches are practically repetitions of a few simple main theses, in the course of which platitudes are uttered with such extraordinary emphasis that an unsophisticated audience mistakes them for newly minted aphorisms" explains that Hitler was an effective communicator making the most ordinary words seem extraordinary with his charisma.

The correct answer is C. His ability to communicate with the public.

Explanation

Adolf Hitler was a German politician known for being the leader of the National Socialist Workers Party and leading Germany and Europe to World War II for his expansionist interests and fascist and nationalist ideals. According to the description made by the British embassy in 1937, his political success was due to his effectiveness in speaking in public when the author mentions that "As a speaker, Hitler exercises amazing dominance over a German audience, presumably because public speaking is an art unknown in Germany ", highlighting that his leadership and his way of communicating to the public was a unique feature in Germany at this time. The author also emphasizes when saying that "he has measured the German audience during his fifteen years of apprenticeship with amazing precision", allowing to glimpse Hitler's extensive knowledge of the public he is addressing and who knows how to manipulate his thinking what It led to high support and his political success. Therefore, the correct answer is C. your ability to communicate with the public

what is -1(3v-8)=
A. -3v+8
B. -3v-8
C. 6v+8
D. 3v-8

Will be mark brainliest

Answers

Answer: A. -3v+8

-1(3v)-1 • -8
Multiply 3 by -1
-3v-1 • -8
Multiply -1 by -8
-3v+8

A. -3v+8

Describe how Rome contributet to the development of world languages.

Answers

Answer:

They gave us the Latin alphabet consisting of 26 letters. The language influenced the development of many other languages. Many of our English language words are derived from Latin roots.

Explanation:

hope it helps!

What was one of the effects of the crusades on european society? the conversion of parts of southern and eastern europe to islam the importation of the black death the architectural method of building stone fortifications the temporary unification of catholic and orthodox branches of christianity all of the above?

Answers

Answer:

c. the architectural method of building stone fortifications

d. the temporary unification of catholic and orthodox branches of Christianity

Explanation:

The main effect of crusader on the European society is the building of forts with big stones in order to defend and safe the cities from the attack of the enemies. The other effect of the crusades on European society is the joining of the armies of catholic and orthodox which are the branches of Christianity against the Muslims. This union of catholic and orthodox is temporary and ends when the war is over.

Final answer:

The Crusades affected European society by promoting the spread of ideas and trade skills, fostering negative sentiments such as increased religious intolerance, and facilitating cross-cultural encounters that led to a broader awareness of the wider world.

Explanation:

One of the effects of the Crusades on European society was the spread of ideas and trade skills. The Crusades facilitated extensive migration, which in turn played a significant role in creating homogeneous building methods and a recognizable Romanesque style across Europe. This era saw a boom in cross-cultural encounters and exchange that increased European prosperity and raised respect for labor.

However, the Crusades also had negative implications such as the persecution of Jews and the fostering of Muslim-Christian hatred, which led to an increase in religious intolerance. The movement of people across A f.ro-Eurasia during the Crusades brought Europeans into contact with new commodities, cultures, and ideas that they had previously been unaware of, which led to a greater awareness of the benefits of trade and exchange of ideas.

Ultimately, the Crusades had a profound influence on the relationship between Christian, Muslim, and Jewish communities, leaving a legacy of intolerance but also of cultural expansion and interaction that shaped Europe significantly.

Which major battle was fought near the town of sharpsburg

Answers

The Battle of Antietam
, also known as the Battle of Sharpsburg, particularly in the Southern United States, was a battle of the American Civil War, fought on September 17, 1862, between Confederate General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia and Union General George B.

What two factors contribute to the majority of Indias water pollution?

Answers

Answer:

industry-released chemicals and poor sewage treatment

Explanation:

Water pollution has become a great issue in the present generation. The water present on the surface of the earth is constantly affected due to anthropogenic activities. The freshwater covers only 3% of the total water present on earth.

India is a developing country that is comprised of a large number of industries and factories, producing numerous varieties of materials. These industries use various types of toxic and harmful chemicals that produce a large amount of waste materials comprised of these chemicals. These waste materials are mixed with the river water and streams, thereby contaminating it. In addition to this, the household waste, such as the sewage waste, solid and liquid garbage materials are also thrown to the rivers and lakes, by the people as a result of which the water is highly polluted.

Thus, the chemicals released by the industries and the poor sewage treatment are the two prime factors that cause the majority of water pollution on earth.

please GIVE ME BRAINLIEST

Answer:

industry-released chemicals and poor sewage treatment

Explanation:

Water pollution has become a great issue in the present generation. The water present on the surface of the earth is constantly affected due to anthropogenic activities. The freshwater covers only 3% of the total water present on earth.India is a developing country that is comprised of a large number of industries and factories, producing numerous varieties of materials. These industries use various types of toxic and harmful chemicals that produce a large amount of waste materials comprised of these chemicals. These waste materials are mixed with the river water and streams, thereby contaminating it. In addition to this, the household waste, such as the sewage waste, solid and liquid garbage materials are also thrown to the rivers and lakes, by the people as a result of which the water is highly polluted.Thus, the chemicals released by the industries and the poor sewage treatment are the two prime factors that cause the majority of water pollution on earth.please GIVE ME BRAINLIEST

Augusto Pinochet, an anti-communist military general, worked with the CIA to overthrow Salvador Allende in Chile.
true or false

Answers

Answer:

true.

Explanation:

Answer:

true

Explanation:

Who was the artist's most likely audience for this poster's message? A. the president and members of the U.S. Congress B. Southern Democrats who supported George Wallace C. activists impatient with the pace of civil rights progress D. SNCC members practicing civil disobedience in the South

Answers

Answer: I believe the answer is C

Explanation:

Answer:

The answer is C.

Explanation:

Took the test before – additionally use context clues like the words

How did the communist system of the ussr differ from the the capitalist system of the United States

Answers

Answer: The Soviet government controlled resources and discouraged private ownership of property. ... The Soviet government controlled resources and discouraged private ownership of property.

Answer:

A

Explanation:

Who helped the scientific community with his methods of organizing statistical data

Answers

Answer:

There are three people who have helped the scientific community with his methods of organizing statistical data. William James, Frances Galton, and Wilhelm Wundt

Explanation:

Answer: Frances Galton

Explanation:

True or false that the Manchuria plain is home to one -tenth of the world’s population

Answers

The claim that the Manchuria plain houses one-tenth of the world's population is false; while China is densely populated, this area does not contain such a large fraction of the global population.

The statement that the Manchuria plain is home to one-tenth of the world's population is false. Although China has a large population, with about 1.33 billion people as of 2010, the most densely populated areas are in the southeastern portion of China, particularly in China Proper, which includes the best agricultural lands, fertile river basins, and moderate climates. The North China Plain is a highly populated region with an average density of one thousand people per square mile but doesn't reach the ratio of one-tenth of the world's population. The region has to work hard to grow enough food to meet the demands of its large population, and it does not usually produce a surplus of food.

the battle of stalingrad was primarily fought with

Answers

Answer:  ground troops. air strikes. an equal number of ground and air troops

Explanation:

The Battle of Stalingrad was a pivotal World War II confrontation, fought primarily with a combination of modern and outdated military equipment. German forces clashed with Soviet defenders, who employed both conventional and guerilla tactics. The battle resulted in Germany's first significant defeat and marked a turning point on the Eastern Front.

The Battle of Stalingrad was a significant confrontation during World War II, primarily fought with a mix of modern and outdated military equipment. German forces, led by General Friedrich von Paulus, came into the battle with 500 Panzers (tanks), 600 Junker and Stuka bombers, and even though they still depended on horse-drawn wagons for supplies, they represented a formidable Blitzkrieg force. On the other side, the Soviet defenders, despite being outnumbered and outgunned, heroically resisted with 400 outdated T-34 tanks and a significantly smaller air force consisting of only 200 IL-2 monoplanes and Yakovlev single-engine fighters.

Throughout the battle, the city turned into a landscape of ruins where intense street fighting took place. Soviet forces utilized not only their military equipment but also engaged in urban guerilla tactics by using grenades, handguns, and Molotov cocktails against German tanks. Eventually, the Germans, not accustomed to prolonged urban warfare and encircled during the Soviet counteroffensive led by General Georgy Zhukov, were forced to surrender. The failed offensive, along with the unforgiving Russian winter, resulted in the first clear defeat for Hitler's Germany.

This battle marked a turning point in the war, as the German's first significant loss signaled the start of Soviet Union's push back, which would ultimately lead to Berlin.

Which of the following is not related to guerrilla warfare?
A
hit-and-run ambushes
B
small skirmishes
c
clear battle lines
D
surprise attacks

Answers

The answer would be C

The correct option is, (C) clear battle lines.

Clear battle lines is not related to guerrilla warfare.

Is guerrilla warfare hit-and-run?Hit-and-run tactics are used in guerrilla warfare where militant resistance movements and terrorism where the enemy typically overmatches the attacking force to the point where sustained combat is to be avoided.However, the tactics can also be used as part of more conventional warfare.

What is related to guerrilla warfare?Guerrilla warfare, also spelled guerilla warfare, type of warfare fought by irregulars in fast-moving, small-scale actions against orthodox military and police forces and, on occasion, against rival insurgent forces, either independently or in conjunction with a larger political-military strategy.

What is an example of guerrilla warfare?Classic examples of guerrilla warfare include the attacks of more than 300 bands of French francs-tireurs, or snipers, on invading German troops during the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871); the Boer raids against British troops that were occupying the Transvaal and the Orange Free State during the South African Wars.

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Between 1849 and 1852, nearly 250,000 people arrived in California, which ultimately led to the admission of California as a state in 1850.
Which was the cause of the largest migration in American history to date?

a) California Gold Rush
b) discovery of oil and gas
c) expansion of the fur trade
d) Transcontinental Railroad

Answers

Answer:

probably A. California Gold Rush

Explanation:

because everyone wanted and wants gold.

The Dust Bowl was the name given to the drought-stricken Southern Plains region of the United States, which suffered severe dust storms during a dry period in the 1930s. As high winds and choking dust swept the region from Texas to Nebraska, people and livestock were killed and crops failed across the entire region. The Dust Bowl intensified the crushing economic impacts of the Great Depression and drove many farming families on a desperate migration in search of work and better living conditions.

Answers

Answer:The Dust Bowl was the name given to the drought-stricken Southern Plains region of the United States, which suffered severe dust storms during a dry period in the 1930s. As high winds and choking dust swept the region from Texas to Nebraska, people and livestock were killed and crops failed across the entire region.

Explanation: the dust bowl happen January 1, 1930, and ended on December 31, 1939.

Which of these problems did the Union face on the home front?

Check all of the boxes that apply.

not enough workers for farms and factories

opposition to the war

anger over the draft

rising prices

Answers

Answer:

B,C,D

Explanation:

B-Opposition to the war

C-Anger over the draft

D-Rising prices

Answer:

opposition to the war

anger over the draft

rising prices'

Explanation:

It is not A because Women filled in for the men who left the farms and  factories so it wasn't a problem .

What was the Truman Doctrine? What was the Long Telegram? What was containment? How was the United Nations formed? Is the United Nations necessary? Should the United States be a part of the United Nations? How did WWII help pull America out of the Great Depression? Why didn’t the depression return when the military was demobilized? What was the effect of American demobilization in Eastern Europe? What was the Iron Curtain?

Answers

Answer: the Truman doctrine was established in 1947 which was American foreign policy, this means that it is a policy that will describe how America will cooperate with foreign countries. This policy established that US would provide political, military and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat.

The long telegram was the wide ranging analysis of Russian policy which Kennan gave to US concerning the reason why Russians opposed the creation of the World Bank and the international monetary fund. Kennan was US embassy in Moscow then.

Containment was a US policy which involves using various strategies to prevent the spread of communism. Literally containment means keeping something restricted or under control or to prevent a hostile country from expanding it's influence.

United Nations was formed on October 24, 1945. The organization was formed was founded to safeguard democracy, freedom and peace in the aftermath of Nazism and World War II.

UN is necessary because it is a common venue for nations to try and workout their problems diplomatically and when necessary take collective action.

US is part of UN this is necessary because US been the world power has a great role to play to keep nations at peace.

World War II pulled America out of depression due to the amount of money spent on explosive during the war, this made a great impact on spending, taxes. So the end of World War II marked the end of depression for America.

Depression didn't return because the employment market produced profits and savings which in turns meant further investment.

Europe was freed even more from the American influence. This subjected Europe to increasing Soviet influence.

Iron curtain was formally known as a non physical boundary dividing, Europe Into separate areas from the end of World War II until the end of the cold war.

Explanation:

What was purpose of a colony during the age of imperialism

Answers

Answer:

By using colonies as sources of raw materials and markets for manufactured goods, colonial powers held back the colonies from developing industries. One reason why the standard of living was so poor in many of these countries was that the natural wealth of these regions had been funneled to the mother countries.

Explanation:

Which law (passed in 1976) would have prevented the wholesale destruction of the Truffula forests and mandates that every national forest draw up plans for renewable resource management including maximum sustainable yield?

Answers

Answer:

National Forest Management Act

Explanation:

Based on the given situation, the law that would have prevented the wholesale destruction of the Truffula forests is National Forest Management Act.

What is National Forest Management Act?

The National Forest Management Act (NFMA), passed in 1976, was created to require periodical reports on the condition and trends of the nation's renewable resources as well as to prevent harm to natural ecosystems and make strategies to protect them.

To request that the US Bureau Of land management develop a strategy for natural areas in order to prevent overfishing and long-term harm without catching the trap is the primary objective of this organization.

The US Forest Service was forced to use a structure and place considerable emphasis on resource management as a result of the NFMA, which altered forest management. These strategies call for the employment of alternative land management techniques.

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During World War I how did war focused in economies change the way industry operated?

Answers

Answer:

governments converted factories to produce military supplies

What did the southern states give up in order to maintain legalized slavery?

Answers

Answer:

The Southern States gave up their right for equal number of states in both region inorder to maintain legalized slavery. Before the law was passed, the Southern and Northern region has equal number of state (8 each ).

Also, the lack of imports caused a compensatory expansion in the domestic commerce in slaves, which remained legalized under federal law until 1865.

Explanation:

Which statement about the Texas revolution is true?
A-Texas victory was an easy one
B-the Texans planned for independence from the beginning
C-much smaller Texas army won against a large Mexican army

Answers

Answer:

c - much smaller texas army won aginst a large mexican army

Explanation:

santa ana's army

Answer: C

Explanation:

2021 edg

What were the characteristics of the Tokugawa era in Japan? Check all that apply. The country pursued a policy of isolation. The country had advanced military technology

Answers

Answer:

The country pursued a policy of isolation. The country had an economy based on agriculture.

Explanation:

The Tokugawa Era was a period of feudalism in Japan from the 1600s to 1893. It was founded by Tokugawa Ieyasu who was crowned as the first Shogun who controlled the whole country.During this period, the emperor was stripped off from all his executive powers and was confined to the capital. The real powers were transferred in the hands of the Shoguns.The country under the Shoguns pursued a policy of isolation and trade was monopolized exclusively by the Shogunate.The Tokugawa era relied solely on its agricultural produce. Position and power of the lords and Shoguns were measured by their agricultural produce. Thus, the whole economy was based on agriculture.

Tokugawa era was a feudalism period in the country of Japan which lasted from the 1600s to 1893. A feature of this era was that the ruler i.e. the emperor was confined to the capital and all his executive powers were taken away.

Some of the characteristics of the Tokugawa era in Japan are as follows:

Option A: The country pursued a policy of isolation:

They followed the policy of isolation by closing the border for foreigners and not allowing the people of Japan to leave either.

Option E: The country had an economy based on agriculture.

Their economy was primarily based on agricultural activities and the people were mainly employed in this field itself.

Therefore, the correct option are Option A and Option E.

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Find the surface area. which best describes the reason the US government founded nasa What are the overriding problem with both theories of muscle growth Find the value of X in the triangle. Then classify the triangle as acute right or obtuse 27, 59, x A. 104B. 89C. 93D. 94 Which of the following could be added to a tank of fish to integrate two biological systems? A. Rocks for the fish to swim through B. Fish food made from grainsC. Algae D. Wild fish food a) What is the maximum number of grams of nickel bromide that can be produced from the reaction of 67.8 g of nickel with 37.3 g of bromine?b) Which reactant is in excess and what mass of this reactant is left over?______ Ni + _______ Br2 _______ NiBr2 Encryption Using Rotate Operations Write a procedure that performs simple encryption by rotating each plaintext byte a varying number of positions in different directions. For example, in the following array that represents the encryption key, a negative value indicates a rotation to the left and a positive value indicates a rotation to the right. The integer in each position indicates the magnitude of the rotation: key BYTE -2, 4, 1, 0, -3, 5, 2, -4, -4, 6 IF ANY1 HELPS ME ON THIS QUESTION ASAP I WILL MARK THEM AS BRAINLEST PLZZZZZZZZZZZZZAND GET 29 POINTS A quin besa Alfredo?l besan a Gloria.l besa a Gloria.l besas a Gloria.l beso a Gloria. Help!!! Please!shows the square-based pyramid ABCDE. The side length of the base is 96 m and the pyramid's height is 55 m. O is the centre of the square base, directly below E. M is the midpoint of AD. Use Pythagoras' theorem to find the length EM. From Juli's perspective, is Bryce's opinion of her tree climbing abilities accurate?(The book is called "Flipped") The model of competitive markets relies on these three core assumptions: 1.There must be many buyers and sellersa few players can't dominate the market. 2.Firms must produce an identical productbuyers must regard all sellers' products as equivalent. 3.Firms and resources must be fully mobile, allowing free entry into and exit from the industry. A 73-year-old male was admitted to the Sunset Nursing Facility with senility, cataracts, and S/P cerebrovascular accident with right-side hemiplegia. On his second day at the facility, the resident was discovered to have extensive thermal burns on his buttocks and legs by one of the facilitys attendants.Which of the following can the attorney of the resident's family also use as a basis for the lawsuit and why?A. The doctrine of charitable immunity because the nursing facility is a private institution and is shielded from liability for any torts committed on its property.B. The Good Samaritan Statutes because they protect the Director of Nursing, an employee of the nursing facility, who was not present when the injury occurred.C. The doctrine of res ipsa loquitur because it allows the plaintiff to shift the burden of proof to the defendant because direct evidence is available.D. The failure to warn theory because the doctor did not inform the resident's family that the resident was in danger at the nursing facility. A baseball team receives 310,000 in sponsorship equipment, and the administrative cost are expected to be $47,000. What are the cost as a percentage of sponsorship revenue? Fill in the blanks to complete the paragraph.The principle of cross-cutting relationships states that certain features, such as faults, are BLANK than the rock layers they cut through. These features are breaks in Earths surface where rock has moved sideways, upward, or downward. BLANK formations are made of molten rock that has cooled. Those on Earths surface are called BLANK . Those beneath Earths surface are called BLANK . I need some help thanks If mA = 87 and mB = 32, find m1. Please help me with this question! Will give brainliest! How does the Steve react to begin questioned about this radio? A chemist must dilute 58.00ml of 13.5 aqueous silver(II) oxide solution until the concentration falls to 5.00M. He'll do this by adding distilled water to the solution until it reaches a certain final volume. Calculate this final volume, in milliliters. Round your answer to 3 significant digits.