What type of agent would be most likely to disrupt the structures of microvilli?

Answers

Answer 1
The addition of the Calcium Ion (Ca++) is likely to disrupt the structures of microvilli.

Some cells that have a role in absorption or secretion contain microvilli, protrusions of the membrane, due to which the membrane surface area is increased and therefore it leads to more effective diffusion of different molecules through the membrane. They are also involved in cellular adhesion.

Microvilli consist of actin filaments, that are tightly packed and cross-linked, at its core. Microvilli have a big role in the gastrointestinal tract where they have a function in the absorption of nutrients, and therefore they contain enzymes that break down nutrients into compounds that are easy to absorb.

Certain diseases lead to the destruction of microvilli, like in some types of E. Coli infections, and this destruction is caused by the rearrangement of the host cells cytoskeleton which then leads to diarrhea and the disruption the normal process of absorption.

The filaments that are a part of the microvilli structure contain actin and calmodulin which are proteins that make up the filaments of the microvilli. It has been shown that the addition of the Calcium Ion (Ca++) to the cores of the microvilli causes a drastic disruption of these filaments by participating in the solubilization of a large portion of the actin and calmodulin proteins. Ca++ reacts with these proteins, binds to them, and reduces the tightly packed structure of the microvilli filaments.

Related Questions

Damon is injected with a radioactive substance and then lies on an apparatus with a scanner that emits fine streams of x-rays, which detect increased blood flow and oxygen metabolism in areas of the brain as damon processes particular stimuli. damon's brain functioning is being measured using

Answers

The answer is Position emission tomography (PET). The nuclear imaging procedure in medicine is able to detect even molecular activities in a cell. They are therefore effective in detecting cancers, cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders, and etcetera. The radionuclides are modeled such that they accumulate in the targeted organ. They measure sugar (glucose) metabolism, blood flow, and oxygen utilization.






Final answer:

Damon's brain activity is being measured with a Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan which detects increased blood flow and tracer accumulation in active regions of the brain.

Explanation:

Damon's brain functioning is being measured using a Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan. This type of scan involves injecting a radioactive tracer into the bloodstream, which then travels to the brain. As regions of the brain become more active, they require more blood and oxygen, leading to an increased accumulation of the tracer. The PET scanner detects the radiation emitted by the tracer, enabling the production of images that show which parts of the brain are more active during specific tasks. This method is particularly useful for studying brain function because it can show which areas of the brain are involved in certain behaviors or processes.

In 3 or more complete sentences, please discuss how the use of that DNA inheritance patterns could be helpful in forensic science. Include an example of one of the patterns discussed in the lesson (dominant, recessive, codominant, sex-linked, polygenic, multiple alleles).

Answers

When someone claims to be children of someone, inheritance pattern can be used to prove whether it is possible or not. Dominant trait (like cleft chin) will always be expressed so it cannot appear from a parent without the trait.
If the father and mother don't have a cleft chin, it would be impossible to have a child with a cleft chin. That way, the claim can be considered as impossible/false.

Which is not a characteristic of life

Composed of cells

Maintains homeostasis

Sensitivity

Uses energy

Answers

Sensitivity is not an essential characteristic of all forms of life. Cells, homeostasis, metabolism (energy), reproduction, responsiveness, evolution are such characteristics.

Answer: Sensitivity.

Explanation:

Sensitivity can be defined as the conditions in which we observe the response of the living organism soon after it is subjected to stimuli.

This character cannot be to define where it is a characteristic of life or not because plants are also living form of life but they do not sensitive to many of the stimuli.

There are many more living forms of life that are not that much sensitive towards the stimuli.

Where would the origin of endothermy map on the phylogeny?

Answers

The origin of endothermy map on the phylogeny is within Mammalia and within Aves. Phylogeny aims to determine the evolutionary relationships between phyla. Evolutionary relationships of a species or group of species can be used to build taxonomic groups; the evolutionary history of species is depicted by a phylogenetic trees. Avian and mammalian endothermy results from elevated rates of resting, or routine, metabolism and enables these animals to maintain high and stable body temperatures in the face of variable temperatures.

15. Use the chart below to determine the amino acid sequence of the following strand of mRNA.

mRNA strand: AUGAAGGGCUGA
Amino Acids:

Answers

should be : UACUUCCCGACU

In order to read the information from a copy of mRNA, we need to read three bases one at a time. This set of three bases is called as a codon and each codon is specific for a particular amino acid. Let's put a gap between the codons, so that we could read them easily and find the respective amino acid.

mRNA strand: AUG AAG GGC UGA

amino acids: Methionine Lysine Glycine STOP codon

So there are three amino acids and one stop codon, which is like a signal for the cell to stop translation.


_______ is a general name for the non-cellular material that holds scattered cells of connective tissue together.

Answers

It's called the Extracellular Matrix!

After reviewing the 24-hour urine collection reports of a client with kidney dysfunction, the nurse suspects diabetes mellitus. which finding supports this suspicion?

Answers

The finding could be glucosuria or polyuria

Patient with diabetes mellitus will have reduced amount or sensitivity to insulin. Reduced insulin cause elevated blood glucose level. Blood will continually be filtered by the kidney. While glucose is filtered too, it will be removed by the kidney cells up to a certain point. In diabetes, the glucose level is too high that there is some glucose left in the urine, lead to glucosuria. 
Glucose will attract the water, makes the urine is hard to concentrate and have a higher volume than normal, leading to polyuria.

When you see the glycerinated muscle fibers shorten, what do you think is actually happening in the muscle cells? think about what you just saw under the microscope?

Answers

I believe that you are supposed to notice that the striations in the contracted muscle fibers are much closer together than the striations in the uncontracted muscle. Therefore, it would appear that somehow the striated parts of the muscle are being pulled closer together somehow. Glycerinated muscle retains the organized structural array of myosin thick filaments and actin thin filaments, actin associated proteins like troponin and tropomyosin which regulate contraction, and the functional capacity for contraction.

Answer:

Within the muscle cells, the space between the fibers is shortening and they begin to contract.

Explanation:

Rosemary had a stroke about a year ago and now she cannot understand what people are saying to her. this is embarrassing for her, so she responds using vague language and tries to make it appear as though she understands. which area of rosemary's brain was likely damaged by the stroke? broca's area

Answers

A stroke, also known as a cerebrovascular disease, is the necrosis of brain tissue because of ischemia led by variety of factors such as atherosclerosis or long standing hypertension. In this patient, the Wernike's area is most probably damaged as her language understanding is not intact. This is termed as receptive aphasia.

If Broca's area is damaged, then the patient will understand language but will not be able produce language. This is termed as expressive aphasia.

The inheritance pattern for snapdragon flower color exhibits incomplete dominance. a snapdragon that is homozygous for the red allele is crossed with a snapdragon that is homozygous for the white allele. what is the phenotypic outcome of the offspring that result from this cross?

Answers

The phenotypic outcome will be pink. Incomplete dominance means none of the traits are dominant, therefore they will not mask each other. As a result, they will produce a new trait. In the case of the snapdragons, red + white = pink.
Genotypic wise, all of the offspring will be heterozygous.

Microbes are often identified using biochemical tests that detect specific enzymes of metabolic pathways.
e.coli typically ferments lactose, whereas the dysenterybacterium, shigella, does not. if a pure culture of each bacterium were placed in a tube containing lactose as the only food source, and a chemical indicator changed color if the tube became acid, what would the tubes look like after the bacteria were incubated?

Answers

Hi there,

the answer to your question is: The tube with E. coli would indicate a pH change, and the Shigella tube would indicate no change.

Hoped I Helped

Why do you think pressurized seeds and spores are a beneficial adaptation for these plants and fungi

Answers

The green plant would be able to photosynthesize, but the fungi wouldn’t. The plants would have cellulose in their cell walls, while the fungi would have chitin.

The pressurized seeds and spores have the ability to spread, helping the organism reproduce. In plants, it allows them to reduce competition by flinging the seeds far away so that their offspring don’t compete for resources. For the fungus, it allows the parent to fling the spores into the grass so that when the horse eats them, the life cycle of the fungus continues.

(exact answer provided by the system)

Amoeba paramecium and spirogyra are diverse. why then are they all classified as protists

Answers

Even though amoeba, paramecium, and spirogyra are quite different, they are all often classified in the same group, Protista because this group holds various types of eukaryotic organisms that are heterotrophic and unicellular.
This type of classification is not based on evolutionary and genetic similarities, but only on the properties of being unicellular, so there are many vastly different organisms in this group.
Final answer:

Despite their variety, protists including amoeba, paramecium, and spirogyra are classified together due to their same Eukaryotic nature and similar cell structures and reproductive strategies. They all belong to one of the six 'supergroups' under the Eukaryota domain, which showcases a monophyletic behaviour, meaning they evolved from a common ancestor.

Explanation:

Amoeba, paramecium, and spirogyra are classified as protists and are considered diverse due to their unique morphological and biological characteristics. Despite their variety, they fall under the 'protists' category as they possess similar cell structures and reproductive strategies and are eukaryotic microorganisms that are not plants, animals, or fungi. Furthermore, the classification of protists stems from the principle of 'convergent evolution' which indicates that organisms exhibiting similar morphological features may have evolved analogous structures due to similar selective pressures, rather than because of a recent common ancestry.

The entire domain Eukaryota, which includes protists, are grouped into six 'supergroups' that consist of all of the protists along with plants, animals, and fungi. Despite the complexity of protist classification due to their diverse nature, it's understood that all the organisms within each 'supergroup' are most closely related to each other than organisms outside the group. In this context, the supergroups exhibit monophyletic behaviour, meaning they evolved from a single common ancestor, and protozoans like amoeba, paramecium, and spirogyra share this evolutionary history, allowing them to be classified under the protist group.

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Relative to other primates, strepsirhine adaptations include

Answers

These primates have retained some primitive mammalian anatomical and behavioral traits, such as a strong sense of smell with an associated longer snout, eyes that are positioned more to the sides of the head, a smaller brain, a distinct breeding season and litters of offspring, nocturnal activity and the ability to synthesis vitamin C.
Final answer:

Strepsirhines are primitive primates with adaptations like a grooming claw, toothcombs, larger olfactory centers, and smaller brain sizes compared to Haplorhines. They can synthesize vitamin C and have evolved with arboreal adaptations suited for climbing and swinging through trees.

Explanation:

The Strepsirrhini, or Prosimians, are a suborder of primates that include species like lemurs, lorises, and bushbabies. These primates display several adaptations that are distinct from their primate cousins, the Haplorrhini. Specific adaptations of Strepsirrhines include:

A grooming claw on the second toe,Toothcombs, which are incisors in the lower jaw tightly packed together and protruding outward,Larger olfactory centers in the brain, indicating a heightened sense of smell,Generally smaller size and smaller brains than their Haplorhine counterparts,The ability to synthesize vitamin C, whereas Haplorhines require dietary intake,And adaptations for an arboreal lifestyle, such as hands and feet adapted for climbing and brachiation.

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How can I prepare for a quarter final in my online high school biology class?

Answers

You could make note cards on some things you need to know and put the question on one side and the answer on the other and quiz yourself. Good luck on this test though, you got this!
Final answer:

To prepare for a biology quarter final, understand all concepts thoroughly, study as if in a classroom setting, manage time effectively, use active learning techniques, and review results post-quiz.

Explanation:

To prepare for a quarter final in an online high school biology class, it is crucial that you fully understand all of the concepts presented. Treat the preparation as if the quiz were to be proctored in a traditional classroom setting. This mindset will help ensure that you allocate enough time and effort into studying. Here are some strategies to effectively prepare:

Review all lesson materials thoroughly, including lecture notes, textbook chapters, and any supplemental resources provided.Practice with quizzes and tests to gain familiarity with the format and type of questions that may be asked.Create a study schedule to manage your time efficiently and prevent last-minute cramming.Engage in active learning techniques such as flashcards, teaching the material to someone else, or drawing diagrams to reinforce the information.Contact your teacher or classmates for clarification on concepts you find challenging.

During the quiz, keep track of the time to ensure you are able to complete all questions. Afterward, look over your full quiz results after you have submitted it for a grade to identify areas that need improvement or that you have mastered. This will help in future assessments and understanding of the subject material.

Because they are manmade, fish farms are not considered fisheries. True or False

Answers

Because they are manmade, fish farms are not considered fisheries.
the answer is false

The given statement is false.

Fish farming is a form of aquaculture in which the fishes are raised to be sold for the purpose of food.

It is known to be the fastest growing area of the animal food production. They are man made farms and also considered as fisheries.

These aqua farms are mesh cages that are submerged in water bodies or can be a concrete enclosure on the land.

A health care provider has prescribed triamterene to a male client with renal disease. the client informs the nurse that he is taking potassium supplements to address some heart problems. the nurse would be alert for:

Answers

If the patient is taking potassium supplements for his heart problem and the doctor has prescribed triamterene, the nurse should be alert for the increased risk of hyperkalemia or high potassium level in the blood.

Some signs of hyperkalemia includes nausea, slow or unusual heart rate, weakness, or loss of movement and in severe cases, it could result to kidney failure, muscle paralysis, liver disease, irregular heart rhythm, and cardiac arrest.   With this, the doctor or pharmacist must be informed to prevent any undesirable outcome.

 

What would you expect your tv to be if you inhaled a foreign object which completely obstructed your right mainstem bronchus?

Answers

If you inhaled a foreign object and completely obstructed your right mainstem bronchus your TV (Tidal Volume) will become half because only your left one will function.

The tidal volume (TV) is the volume of air that circulates between a normal inspiration and expiration without making an additional effort. The normal value is approximately 500 ml or 7 ml/kg of body weight.

As DNA is replicated, which DNA base pair will bond to cytosine

Answers

Each nucleotide base can hydrogen-bond with a specific partner base in a process known as complementary base pairing: Cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine, and adenine forms two hydrogen bonds with thymine.

As DNA is replicated, which DNA base pair will bond to cytosine?

the answer is D Guanine

Which endocrine gland is indicated by the arrow?

Answers

The thyroid gland hope this helps #ZedTheZom

The answer is C) Thyroid gland

Receptors for nonsteroid hormones are located in _____. receptors for nonsteroid hormones are located in _____. the extracellular fluid the cytoplasm the nucleus the cytosol association with a cell's plasma membrane

Answers

Final answer:

Nonsteroid hormone receptors are located in association with a cell's plasma membrane and utilize second messengers to relay signals into the cell.

Explanation:

Receptors for nonsteroid hormones are typically located in association with a cell's plasma membrane. These hormones are generally hydrophilic and cannot diffuse through the lipid bilayer of cell membranes, so they rely on membrane-bound receptors to relay their message into the cell. Upon hormone binding, these receptors often trigger a cascade of intracellular events through a mechanism involving a second messenger. This is in contrast to steroid hormones, which can diffuse across the cell membrane and usually have intracellular receptors located in the cytoplasm or directly in the nucleus.

Lipid insoluble hormones, like peptide and amino acid-derived hormones (with the exception of thyroid hormones), bind to receptors on the outer plasma membrane and initiate intracellular signaling cascades without entering the cell themselves.

PLEASE HELP ME!!!!!what is he function of white blood cell??????

Answers

Hi there!

White blood cells are cells that travel through your blood stream. They help defeat bacterial invaders, viruses, and help make you stay healthy. 

Hope this helps!
They are the cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious diseases. 

Mucus occurs in both the respiratory and digestive tracts. what is its main immunological function? physically trapping of pathogens sweeping away debris destruction of pathogens because it is acidic increasing oxygen absorption

Answers

The answer would be: physically trapping of pathogens

Mucus has a high viscosity that could physically trap the pathogens so it could not attack the body cells. In respiratory it could also sweep all the debris because the respiratory epithelial cell has cilia that constantly moves.
It won't help in oxygen absorption, it could disrupting the oxygen absorption instead as it could physically block the air.

Which causes plants to respond positively to sunlight

Answers

Auxins.

Hope this helped!

One difference between parasitism and predation is that parasites
Select one:
a. do very little harm to their hosts.
b. keep their hosts alive for a period of time.
c. attack the host only from the inside.
d. are not very big.

Answers

C is the correct anwer
Keep their hosts alive for a period of time is the main difference between parasitism and predation.

Because the surface gravity on the moon is 16 of that on earth how much does a person who weighs 360 newtons on earth weigh on the moon

Answers

Ill help
With this a for 20 secs

Formula:


Weight on the moon = Weight on Earth/9.81  m/s^2 (1.622  m/s^2)


I believe the answer would be 

59.52 rounded to 60N some person would weigh on the moon.


Let me Know...


Marine scientists have collected data showing that oceans have become warmer in recent years. This increase in temperature would reflect an increase in thermal energy stored in the ocean. If true, would this validate or invalidate the Law of Conservation of Energy? Invalidate, because energy should not enter a closed system Invalidate, because the amount of energy should stay constant everywhere Validate, because the ocean is an open system that can gain and lose energy Validate, because the overall energy in the ocean does not change when thermal energy increases

Answers

Answer:  Validate, because the ocean is an open system that can gain or lose energy.

Explanation: Since the ocean receives thermal energy from the sun, the temperatures of the waters can increase and fluctuate in different areas. When these waters reach land, this energy is transferred to the land, whether it be the sand in the beaches, rocks, etc.

Validate, as the ocean is an open system that is capable of gaining or losing energy.

How is thermal energy stored in the ocean?

This energy is transmitted to the land when these waves reach it, whether it be the rocks, sand, or other land features like beaches, water contracts and gets denser as it cools.

Water moves up and down through the ocean layers and as currents across the ocean as a result of temperature and salinity's effects on its density.

Ocean surface waters are warmed by solar energy, surface water can be significantly warmer than deep water in tropical areas. The ocean can be desalinated and power can be generated using this temperature differential.

Therefore, validate that since the ocean absorbs thermal energy from the sun, various parts of the ocean may see an increase or decrease in water temperature.

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The term _______________ includes all of human existence prior to the emergence of writing

Answers

The term prehistory includes all of human existence prior to the emergence of writing.

During which stage of meiosis do synapsis and the formation of tetrads occur?'

Answers

"Prophase I" is the stage of meiosis that synapsis and the formation of tetrads occur.

Final answer:

Synapsis and the formation of tetrads take place during Prophase I of meiosis. Homologous chromosomes are bound by a synaptonemal complex to form tetrads, which align independently at the metaphase plate, contributing to genetic diversity.

Explanation:

Synapsis and the formation of tetrads occur during Prophase I of meiosis. At this stage, homologous chromosomes come together to form a synapse, tightly bound by a protein lattice known as the synaptonemal complex and by cohesin proteins at the centromere, leading to the formation of tetrads. Each tetrad comprises four sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes.

Once tetrads are formed, they move to line up at the metaphase plate, located at the midway point between the two poles of the cell. This arrangement contributes to genetic diversity because there is an equal chance of a microtubule fiber encountering either maternally or paternally inherited chromosomes during separation, and the orientation of each tetrad is independent of other tetrads. The chiasmata, which are points where chromosomes exchange genetic material during crossover, maintain contact between the homologues until they segregate.

A home care nurse delivers care that incorporates a philosophy that focuses on connections and interactions between parts of the whole. which term best describes this philosophy?

Answers

Holism

Explanation:


Holism is a theory and philosophy that focuses on connections and interactions between parts of the whole. Complementary therapy can be used to complement traditional medical interventions. Integrative care often incorporates sharing the responsibility in coordinating the best possible treatment plan for a client, including the clients' choices for care and the providers' expertise. Homeopathy is based on the belief of supporting the body while the symptoms are allowed to "run their course."
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