Answer:
In producers
Explanation:
The diagram shows a bean plant growing in soil.
Which labels best complete the diagram?
X: Positive gravitropism
Y: Negative gravitropism
X: Negative gravitropism
Y: Positive gravitropism
X: Thigmotropism
Y: Hydrotropism
X: Hydrotropism
Y: Thigmotropism
Answer:
A i think
Explanation:
Answer:
The answer is A)
X: Positive gravitropism
Y: Negative gravitropism
Explanation:
If you need any help with this question please ask me! :)
Why does some members of the military oppose the idea of a “surgical strike” against Cuba
Answer:
the answer is A, could not be limited
Explanation:
Answer:
A) Could not be limited
Explanation:
I did it on edgenu!ty.
In the living world there is a great deal of genetic variation The genetic information of dois differs from the genetic information of cats The genetic
information of plant differs from the genetic information of bactors Your genetic informations differs from your father's gonetic
On
formation, and so
Which of the following is least ilkely to be a source of genetic variation among living organisins?
A asexual reproduction
B. mutations
C.meiosis
D
Sexual
reproduction
Answer:
A
Explanation:
Asexual reproduction involves a simple exact copying of the genetic material. An exact copying is FAR less likely to result in mutations, which cause variation. The other three answers lead to mutations which cause variation.
Red-green color blindness is a human X-linked recessive disorder. A young man with a 47,XXY karyotype (klinefelter syndrome) is color blind. His 46,XY brother also is color blind. Both parents have normal color vision. Where did the nondisjunction occur that gave rise to the young man with Klinefelter syndrome?
Answer:
Mother, meiosis II
Explanation:
Red-green color blindness is a human X-linked recessive disorder. A young man with a 47,XXY karyotype (klinefelter syndrome) is color blind. His 46,XY brother also is color blind. Both parents have normal color vision.The nondisjunction occured in mother during meiosis II that gave rise to the young man with Klinefelter syndrome.
Etiology:
Meiotic Non-disjunction of the chromosome pairs during the First or second division of gametogenesis. Because of the extra chromosome, individuals with the condition are usually referred to as 47XXY. As in the above mentioned scenario, meiotic nondisjunction during meiosis II in the mother resulting in the failure of the sister chromatids to separate during meiosis II thus resulting in too many chromosomes.
Answer:
The non-dis-junction occur with Klinefelter syndrome is occurred at "Meiosis II;Mother"
Explanation:
Thus, the more likely than not acquired the Y chromosome from his dad who has typical shading vision, there is no chance for a nondisjunction occasion to have occurred from the fatherly heredity. His mom must be heterozygous [tex]X^{+} X^{c}[/tex] in light of the fact that she has typical shading vision. This implies she more likely than not acquired a visually challenged X chromosome from her partially blind dad.
For him to acquire two partially blind X chromosomes from his mom, the egg more likely than not been the result of a non-dis-junction in meiosis II.
In meiosis I, the homologous X chromosomes independent, so one cell has the [tex]X^{+}[/tex] and different has [tex]X^{c}[/tex]. Disappointment of sister chromatids to isolate inmeiosis II would then bring about an egg with two duplicates of [tex]X^{c}[/tex]Xc.
Plant A and Plant B are heterozygous for a gene that expresses their tall trait (Tt). Upon crossing, what is expected in the offspring, assuming random chromosome segregation?
A) They will always have the tall phenotype.
B) They will always have the short phenotype.
C) They are more likely to be tall plants than short plants.
D) They are more likely to be short plants than tall plants.
Answer:
C
Explanation:
They are more likely to be tall plants than short plants
Recent research has identified a gene (SLC45A2) that codes for a protein that affects melanin production in humans and other animals. A mutation in this gene has given rise to two variant alleles. The L374 allele correlates with darker pigmentation, and the F374 allele correlates with lighter pigmentation. Researchers collected DNA samples from people in 14 European, Asian, and African populations and identified the frequency of the F374 allele in these groups. Review the data in the chart on p. 242 of your lab manual and answer the questions that follow. In what populations do we see the highest frequencies of the F374 allele for lighter pigmentation?
Complete Question:
Recent research has identified a gene (SLC45A2) that codes for a protein that affects melanin production in humans and other animals. A mutation in this gene has given rise to two variant alleles. The L374 allele correlates with darker pigmentation, and the F374 allele correlates with lighter pigmentation. Researchers collected DNA samples from people in 14 European, Asian, and African populations and identified the frequency of the F374 allele in these groups. Review the data in the chart below (see the attached first image) and answer the questions that follow.
1. In what populations do we see the highest frequencies of the F374 allele for lighter pigmentation?
2. In what populations do we see the lowest frequencies of the F374 allele for lighter pigmentation?
3. The map below(see the attached second image) shows the ancestral locations of the populations studied, superimposed on Figure 8.2, a map of given regional skin color variation. Are these results what you would expect based on the skin color information in the map? Why or why not? Figure Credit: Map George Chaplin. First published in Skin: A Natural History by Nina G. Jablonski, UCP 2013. Used with permission.
4. Why might some light-skinned populations, such as the Japanese, be missing the F374 allele for lighter skin pigmentation? (Hint: Consider the various forces of evolution that may be at play.)
Answer and explanation:
Going by the given data
1.
The highest frequencies of the populations of the F374 Alleles for lighter pigmentations is said to be as, going by the data in the above table is (german)GERMANY where as frequency of F374 of 0.965(96.5%)
2.
The lowest frequency of the population of the F374 alleles for lighter pigmentations going by the data in above table is
10. (CHINA)
12. Japanese (JAPAN)
14. African (GERMANY, JAPAN)
where the frequency of the F374 is 0.000(0%)
3.
Ancestral location of population which is shown on map is similar to the data which is provided in the table.
=> when parental genome has L374 allele at high rate then the offspring will have darker pigmentation in them
=> when parental genome has F374 Allele at low rate then the offspring will have lighter pigmentation in them
=> when parental genome is having both alleles at same rate then the offspring will have moderate color pigmentation ( that is not too dark or light)
4.
The lighter skin pigmentation in Japanese of F374 Alleles is high in rate than the genome compared to L374 Allele
Due to loss of L374 Allele in their genetic material leading to lighter pigmentation in their skin for adaptation of L374 allele may be lighted up with various reason said to be genomic changes, environmental, climatic changes and style of living with their food habits
The F374 allele of the SLC45A2 gene, associated with lighter skin pigmentation, would likely be more prevalent in populations where lighter skin is beneficial, for example, in regions with less sunlight. To definitively answer the question, one would need to refer to the specific data in their lab manual.
Explanation:The measurements of the F374 allele, the variant of the SLC45A2 gene that is associated with lighter pigmentation, are likely higher in populations where lighter skin would be advantageous due to ecological factors. This might include areas with lower levels of sunlight, such as Northern Europe, where darker skin could lead to deficiencies in vitamin D production. From looking at your lab manual, you would need to determine which of the 14 studied populations show the highest frequencies of this allele. This question is basically looking at how mutations in a specific gene can affect skin color and how the frequencies of these mutations can vary in different human populations.
Learn more about Human Genetics here:https://brainly.com/question/29408544
#SPJ3
The Champaign-Urbana area has long been suffering from the heinous pathogenic bacterium, Michiganious wolverinous, which causes rabid wolverine fever. During 2019, the Champaign Public Health Department reported an incidence of 1000 cases of rabid wolverine fever. If the number of pre-existing cases carried over from 2018 to 2019 was 2000 cases, then the prevalence of rabid wolverine fever in 2020 was __________________.
a. 3000 cases
b. 4000 cases
c. 1000 cases
d. 0 cases
e. 2000 cases
Answer:
The correct answer is option a, that is, 3000 cases.
Explanation:
The measurement of all the individuals getting influenced by the disease at a specific time is known as the prevalence. On the other hand, the measurement of the number of novel individuals that came into contact with a disease during a specific time duration is known as the incidence.
Based on the given question, the number of prevailing cases carried from 2018 to 2019 is 2000, and the new diseases recorded in the year 2019 is 1000 (incidence). Therefore, the prevalence of the disease in 2020 will be 3000 cases.
If the population of rabbits in this ecosystem decreased dramatically because of certain environmental changes, which organisms’ food supply would decrease?
Answer:
The organisms' that eat the rabbits
Explanation:
Their food supply will decrease because the rabbit populations are decreasing causing the organisms' that eat the rabbits to look for something else to eat.
Which statement describes a Disadvantage of non renewable resources?
Answer:
A disadvantage of a non renewable resource is that it runs out.
Explanation:
If people become reliant on a non-renewable resource then when it runs out they are screwed.
Final answer:
The main disadvantage of nonrenewable resources like fossil fuels and nuclear power is that they are being used up much faster than they can naturally replenish, leading to potential depletion and environmental problems like global warming and hazardous waste.
Explanation:
A disadvantage of nonrenewable resources is that they exist in fixed amounts and are being consumed at a much faster rate than they can be naturally replaced. This means that as we continue to extract and use these resources, particularly fossil fuels and nuclear power, we are depleting the Earth's reserves, possibly leading to a future where these critical energy sources are no longer available.
Fossil fuels such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas, formed over millions of years, are expected to run out in the foreseeable future due to the current rates of consumption. With oil potentially running out by 2055, natural gas by 2085, and coal by around 2250, reliance on these resources is unsustainable long-term. Additionally, the combustion of fossil fuels contributes significantly to global warming, while nuclear power presents challenges with the safety and disposal of hazardous waste.
The environmental and availability concerns of nonrenewable resources provide a compelling case for the urgent development of sustainable alternative energy sources. These alternative sources, which are typically renewable, seek to replace the energy produced by nonrenewable resources and mitigate their negative impact on the environment.
What is a function of the backbone in animals?
Answer:
It has a lot of functions, but its mainly to protect the spinal cord
It surrounds the spinal cord.
Explanation: it said it on my quiz
In silkmoths, red eyes (re) and white-banded wings (wb) are encoded by two mutant alleles that are recessive to those that produce wild-type traits (re+ and wb+); these 2 genes are on the same chromosome. A moth homozygous for red eyes and white-banded wings is crossed with a moth homozygous for the wild-type traits. The F1 have wild-type eyes and wings. The F1 are crossed with moths that have red eyes and white banded wings in a test cross. The progeny of this test cross are:
wild-type eyes, wild-type wings 418
red eyes, wild-type wings 19
wild-type eyes, white-banded wings 16
red eyes, white-banded wings 426
a. What phenotypic proportions would be expected if the genes for red eyes and for white-banded wings were located on different chromosomes?b. What is the rate of recombination between the genes for red eyes and those for white-banded wings?
Answer:
a. The phenotypic proportions that would be expected if the genes for red eyes and for white-banded wings were located on different chromosomes is 1:1:1:1
b. The rate of recombination between the genes for red eyes and those for white-banded wings is 0.04
Explanation:
To know that two genes are linked, we must observe the progeny distribution. If individuals, whos genes assort independently, are test crossed, they produce a progeny with equal phenotypic frequencies 1:1:1:1. If we observe a different distribution, that is that phenotypes appear in different proportions, we can assume that genes are linked in the double heterozygote parent.
If the genes for red eyes and white-banded wings were located on different chromosomes, they would assort independently, and hence the expected phenotypic proportions would be 1/4:1/4:1/4:1/4
4/16=1/4 re+re wb+wb
4/16=1/4 rere wb+wb
4/16=1/4 re+re wbwb
4/16=1/4 rere wbwb
In the present example, the genotype, in linked gene format, of the double heterozygote is re+wb+/rewb.
In this way, we might verify which are the recombinant gametes produced by the di-hybrid, and we will be able to recognize them by looking at the phenotypes with lower frequencies in the progeny.
To calculate the recombination frequency we will make use of the next formula: P = Recombinant number / Total of individuals. The genetic distance will result from multiplying that frequency by 100 and expressing it in map units (MU).
The map unit is the distance between the pair of genes for which one of every 100 meiotic products results in a recombinant product.
In the present example:
Parental) re+ wb+/re wb x re wb/re wb
Gametes) re+wb+ parental type
re wb parental type
re+wb recombinant type
re wb+ recombinante type
Phenotypic class Number of offspring
wild-type eyes, wild-type wings, re+ wb+, 418red eyes, wild-type wings, re wb+, 19wild-type eyes, white-banded wings, re+ wb 16red eyes, white-banded wings, re wb, 426The recombination frequency is:
P = Recombinant number / Total of individuals
P = 19 + 16 / 418 + 19 + 16 + 426
P = 35/ 879
P = 0.0398=0.04
The genetic distance between genes is 0.04 x 100= 4 MU.
If the genes for red eyes and white-banded wings in silkmoths were on different chromosomes, a 1:1:1:1 phenotypic ratio would be expected. In the test cross given, the rate of recombination is approximately 7.7%, which suggests linkage with some degree of crossing over between the two genes.
In silkmoths, where red eyes (re) and white-banded wings (wb) are encoded by two recessive alleles located on the same chromosome, the expected outcome of a test cross can reveal the rate of recombination and indicate a linkage between the two genes.
If the genes for red eyes and white-banded wings were located on different chromosomes, we would expect to see a 1:1:1:1 phenotypic ratio due to independent assortment.Based on the given progeny of the test cross, the rate of recombination between the genes for red eyes and white-banded wings can be calculated by adding the number of recombinant offspring (19 wild-type eyes, red wings + 16 red eyes, white-banded wings) and dividing it by the total number of offspring, then multiplying by 100 to get a percentage. This calculation yields a recombination frequency of approximately 7.7%, indicating that the two genes are linked but not completely linked as crossing over does occur.What are the parts of a seed? Check all that apply.
Answer:
A PINE SEED: Embryo, Cotyledons, Endosperm , and seed coat
A DICOT (BEAN) : embryo, 2 Cotyledons, , and seed coat
A MONOCOT (CORN): Seed coat, single Cotyledons, Embryo, Endosperm
Which scientist developed the idea that micro organisms can cause disease
Answer: Paul Ehrlich, Anton van Leeuwenhoek and Louis Pasteur
Explanation:
Can you tell the difference between female and male bacteria?
Answer:yes and no
Explanation:with the right tests but from eye only no
Fragile X syndrome is an X-linked dominantly inherited condition that contributes to autism and intellectual inabilities. Two individuals mate and produce three children. The female is heterozygous for the condition, and the male also displays the condition. What is the probability that the first two children will have the disorder and the last child will not?
Answer:
The probability for the given scenario will be 9/64
Explanation:
As indicated by the above expressed inquiry,
Two people (i.e) male (hetero) + female (hetero)
Prevailing + Latent = First Child
Latent + Dominan = Second Child
Latent + Passive = Third Child
The probability of gene communicating will be low than initial two children.The coding succession is called codons..There are 64 codons for each 3 grouping one amino-acid will be produced.The likelihood of prevailing gene will be 9.
So the appropriate response is 9/64.
Based on the information in the article, which title
would be most appropriate?
In 2012, astronomers reported the discovery of a planet
that revolved around two Sun-like stars. Kepler-34b, a
gaseous planet, revolves around the stars every 289
days, and the stars revolve around each other every 28
days. This information was presented in the January 11,
2012. issue of the journal Nature.
O New Planet Found in Open Cluster System
O New Planet Discovered in Binary Star System
Answer: New planet discovered in binary star system
Explanation:
Answer:
B)New planet discovered in binary star system
Explanation:
I just got it right on the edge
What occurs when a peptide bond forms between two amino acids?
Answer:
Water molecule
Explanation:
The carboxylic group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule, linking the two molecules and releasing a water molecule.
what does kelp eat. this is for marine science but there is no option so I just put biology.
Answer:
Kelp, like other plants photosynthesize. This means they get their "food" or energy rather, from the sun.
Explanation:
Sperm tails in the fruit fly Drosophila bifurca can reach up to 6cm long, which is over 20 times the length of the organism itself. Because the tails are so long, they aren’t able to provide the swimming force that other sperm tails are used for. Please provide a hypothesis as to why the fruit fly sperm has evolved to be so long.?
Explanation:
The length of the sperm in a few species is much larger or giant than the size of the animal-like observed in the Drosophila bifurca.
In this fruit-fly, the tails of the sperm are too long which could be accounted for many reasons:
1. The sexual selection prefers the long tails over the small tail.
2. The large sperms can displace the small sperms in the female reproductive organ.
3. The female reproductive organ increases the promiscuity of the large sperms that is favour the large sperms over the small sperms.
The main function of organelles is
translation
protect DNA
move proteins throughout the cell
Answer:
translation
Explanation: USATestprep
What Kingdom do euglena belong to? What Phylum?
Answer:
Euglena are classified into the Kingdom Protista, and the Phylum Euglenophyta.
Explanation:
Tropical leafcutter ants collect leaf cuttings, which they transport to special underground chambers. There, they chew the leaves to create nursery beds on which they grow a species of fungus they use for food. When ant queens disperse to establish new colonies, they carry the fungus with them, dispersing it as well (this benefits the fungus). In the ants’ nest, the fungus is at risk of being replaced by another fungal species that is able to grow in the same habitat, using the same limited resources. On their bodies, the ants carry and provide a home for bacteria that produce antibiotics the ants use to kill this second fungus and thereby protect their food supply. In this system, the relationship between the two fungal species is:
a. parasitism.
b. predation.
c. mutualism.
d. commensalism.
e. interspecific competition.
Answer:
option E
Explanation:
In the system described above, the relationship that exists between this two different species of fungus is interspecific competition. Interspecific competition is the type of competition that occurs when individuals of different species compete for the same resources available. The two different fungal species is able to grow and utilize the same limited resources in the above description.
Answer:
The correct answer is option e. "interspecific competition".
Explanation:
Interspecific competition is defined as an ecological interaction when different species of the same ecological area compete for resources. This type of interaction is commonly seen in nature, and the relationship of the two fungal species herein described belongs to this interaction. The species of fungus that grows in the nursery beds that ants create compete with the second fungal species that is able to growth the same habitat. Since both species are members of the same ecological area and both compete for the resources that ants offer they have an interspecific competition relationship.
A trait is a characteristic. Think about your physical traits (eye color, skin tone, height, hair, face, allergies, etc.) What traits do you think you inherited or received from your parents?
Answer:
Explanation:
Genetic inheritance occurs due to genetic material in the form of DNA being passed from parents to their offspring, we inherit physical traits from our parents when parents pass copies of their genes to their children and such traits are observable characteristics that children inherit from their parents which can be dominant or recessive inheritance of a single gene.
For example chrildren can inherite : Free or attached ear lobes ,
Eye Colour. Dominant and recessive genes play a role in determining eye colour of the child,brown eyes,blue eye color,green and hazel.
Hair color
Height
Dimples
Handedness
Fingerprints
Hair color
Teeth structure
Freckles
Final answer:
Physical traits like eye color and skin tone are often inherited from our parents, while traits like intelligence and disease susceptibility are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Examples of inherited traits include curly hair and tall stature, but personality characteristics can also have a genetic component and be shaped by the environment.
Explanation:
Understanding Inherited Traits
Genetics is the study of how traits are inherited from one generation to the next. Many physical traits, such as eye color, skin tone, and height, are inherited from our parents due to genetic factors. These traits, defined by our genes, make up our genotype, which manifests externally as our phenotype, the observable characteristics.
However, traits are not solely determined by genetics. The environment also plays a significant role in shaping who we are, which is why even traits with a genetic component, such as intelligence or susceptibility to certain diseases, can be influenced by environmental factors. For instance, while a parent might pass down genes that predispose a child to high intellectual capacity, the child's environment, such as access to education, can greatly affect how this potential is realized.
As an example of inherited traits, one might have inherited curly hair and a tall stature from their parents. Conversely, personality characteristics could be influenced not only by genetic predisposition but also by modeling from parents, social interactions, and cultural context. Thus, understanding that a trait can be a feature like bipedalism or a specific genetic sequence, it's clear that traits encompass a wide range of inherited and environmentally influenced characteristics.
Inherited Traits and the Environment
When considering traits we have inherited from our parents, examples might include physical attributes like hair color or facial features. Personality characteristics often have a genetic component, with research suggesting that attributes such as extraversion or introversion can be inherited. Yet, these same traits are also shaped by environmental factors, or modeling, as we grow and interact with the world around us. An individual's tendency towards kindness, for instance, may be influenced by being raised in a nurturing environment, regardless of their genetic predispositions
Explain the cellular functions that occur when antibiotics attack a bacteria cell?
Thank you!
1. The organs of sexual reproduction in plants
are the
Answer:
As a plant's reproductive part, a flower contains a stamen (male flower part) or pistil (female flower part), or both, plus accessory parts like sepals, petals, and nectar glands (Figure 19). The stamen is that the male sex organ. It consists of a pollen sac (anther) and a protracted supporting filament.
Explanation:
Mr. A.H., age 44, had a generalized tonic-clonic seizure unexpectedly at work_ He had no history of seizures, trauma, infection, or other illness. Investigation revealed a tumor in the right parietal lobe. This was removed surgically, although the diffuse nature of the malignant mass prevented its complete elimination. Follow-up radiation treatment was recommended. After surgery, Mr. A.H. demonstrated considerable weakness and sensory loss on his left side. A few days after surgery, Mr. A.H. developed a bacterial infection at the operative site. The infection was eradicated quickly with treatment, but the tumor did not respond to radiation and chemotherapy. As a result, several tumors in the brain grew relatively large during the next 2 months.
Mr. A.H. developed severe headaches and diplopia and became increasingly lethargic, and his seizures increased in frequency despite anticonvulsant medication. He was given medication to reduce the frequency of vomiting.
Explain the specific rationale for each of his manifestations.
Answer:
a tumor is a growth of abnormal cells in the brain tissue, in this case they are malignant cancer cells since their growth is very fast, some are primary that start directly in the brain and other metastatic that start in another part of the body, in the case of Mister AH always had primary symptoms.
Tumors in the brain can show various symptoms. These are some of the most common:
Headaches, usually in the morning
Nausea and vomiting
Changes in the ability to speak, hear or see
Balance or walking problems
Problems with thinking or memory
Weakness or longing to sleep
Changes in mood or behavior
Seizures
tumors can destroy brain cells which can cause inflammation and damage to parts of the body depending on where in the brain this is exerted, this also aggravates the symptoms.
Radiation therapy used to treat brain cancers increases the risk of brain tumors up to 20 to 30 years later.
In this case, he was causing this same reaction to Mr. AH, which may also have another type of tumor such as
Meningiomas and schwanomas are two other types of brain tumor. These tumors:
They occur in most cases between the ages of 40 and 70.
They are not usually cancerous, but they can still cause serious complications and death due to their size or location. Some are cancerous and aggressive.
Mr. A.H.'s seizures and left-side weakness are due to a right parietal lobe tumor affecting brain function. Post-surgery infection, tumor growth, and severe headaches result from increased intracranial pressure. Lethargy and vomiting are linked to the tumor's impact and anticonvulsant medication side effects.
The specific rationale for each of Mr. A.H.'s manifestations can be explained as follows:
1. Generalized tonic-clonic seizure: This was likely caused by the presence of the tumor in the right parietal lobe. Seizures can occur as a result of abnormal electrical activity in the brain, which can be triggered by the presence of a tumor.
2. Considerable weakness and sensory loss on his left side: These symptoms are consistent with the location of the tumor in the right parietal lobe, which could have caused damage or compression of the motor and sensory areas of the brain responsible for controlling the left side of the body.
3. Bacterial infection at the operative site: This could have occurred due to the surgical procedure, as invasive procedures carry a risk of introducing bacteria into the body. The weakened state of Mr. A.H.'s immune system post-surgery may have contributed to the development of the infection.
4. Tumor growth despite radiation and chemotherapy: The malignant nature of the tumor likely contributed to its resistance to treatment. Additionally, the diffuse nature of the tumor made complete elimination difficult, allowing it to continue growing.
5. Severe headaches and diplopia (double vision): These symptoms could be attributed to the increased size of the tumors in the brain, causing pressure on surrounding structures and interfering with normal brain function. Increased intracranial pressure from the growing tumors can lead to headaches, while pressure on the nerves controlling eye movements can result in diplopia.
6. Increasing lethargy: Lethargy can result from the effects of the brain tumors on cognitive function and overall brain function. Additionally, the presence of seizures and frequent vomiting can contribute to feelings of lethargy and fatigue.
7. Frequency of vomiting: Vomiting can be a side effect of increased intracranial pressure due to the growing tumors. It can also be a side effect of anticonvulsant medication, which Mr. A.H. was likely taking to manage his seizures. Medication to reduce vomiting frequency was given to alleviate this symptom.
true or false: natural resources can be man made
Answer:
False
Explanation:
Natural resources are made by nature
Answer:
False
Explanation:
Natural resources are resources that aren't made with any human action. If a resource is made by man, they would be called man-made resources of human-made resources.
Recall that in the Hardy-Weinberg lab we did earlier in the semester, the clams in some of the populations we studied were exposed to saxitoxin. Some of these clams were sensitive to the toxin. Saxitoxin affected the sensitive clams by blocking their voltage-gated sodium channels, ultimately killing the clams. Now that you know more about the role of voltage-gated sodium channels from completing this lab, explain why the saxitoxin killed those clams.
Answer:
Due to failure of vital organ system and body functions
Explanation:
Saxitoxin is a toxin that acts as a blocker to the voltage-gated sodium channels. It binds to voltage-gated sodium channels within the muscle and the nerve fibers and causes Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning following bioaccumulation and ingestion. It binds to the receptor at the voltage gate and causes inward Na+ flow thereby substituting cation. Its high exposure could lead to muscle paralysis and respiratory failure leading to death of clams
Saxitoxin killed the clams by blocking their voltage-gated sodium channels, disrupting neural communication and essential cellular functions, which ultimately led to their death.
Recall that in the Hardy-Weinberg lab, we studied clams exposed to saxitoxin. Saxitoxin affected the sensitive clams by blocking their voltage-gated sodium channels. This blockage prevented the clams' sodium channels from opening, thereby stopping the flow of sodium ions into their cells. Because sodium channels are essential for the generation and propagation of action potentials in excitable cells, the inhibition by saxitoxin disrupted neural communication and other vital cellular processes. As a result, the clams could not sustain necessary biological functions, leading to their death.
You are interested in mapping the location of two loci in crested geckos that control different aspects of the crest phenotype. Gene D controls the extension of the crest along the back. 'd codes for spikes that continue along the back past the neck and is recessive to 'D' which codes for spikes that stop at the neck. Gene e controls the length of spikes; short spikes (ee) are recessive to long spikes (E_). (For you crestie fans, yes, this is totally made up).
1. You testcross double heterozygote geckos and observe the phenotypes listed below in the offspring
Phenotypic class Number of offspring Space for notes
Spikes along back and long 79
Spikes along back and short 12
Spikes only on neck and long 10
Spikes only on neck and short 76
a. What was the genotype, in linked gene format, of the double heterozygote parent? Explain how you know.
b. What is the recombination frequency between these two genes? Show your work.
Answer:
a. Ed/eD
b. RF=0.12
Explanation:
The alleles for genes D/d and E/e are:
D_: only on neck spikesdd: along back spikesE_: long spikesee: short spikesAfter testcrossing a double heterozygote (DdEe x ddee) there are 4 types of offspring, two of them much more abundant than the other two. The homozygous recessive parent can only produce ed gametes, so the phenotypes of the offspring depend on the gametes that the double heterozygous parent produced.
The offspring was:
Ed/ed 79 ed/ed 12 ED/ed 10 eD/ed 76Total: 177
a) This result suggests that the genes are linked. Since recombination is a rare event, the most abundant phenotypes always come from the parental gametes, and the least abundant come from the recombinant gametes.
Therefore, the genotype of the doube heterozygote parent was Ed/eD.
b) Recombination frequency (RF) = Recombinants / Total
RF = (12+10)/177
RF = 0.12
Answer:
a. The genotype, in linked gene format, of the double heterozygote parent is De/dE
b. The recombination frequency between these two genes is 0.124
Explanation:
To know if two genes are linked, we must observe the progeny distribution. If individuals, whos genes assort independently, are test crossed, they produce a progeny with equal phenotypic frequencies 1:1:1:1. If we observe a different distribution, and that phenotypes appear in different proportions, we can assume that genes are linked in the double heterozygote parent.
In the present example, the genotype of the double heterozygote parent is De/dE.
In this way, we might recognize which are the recombinant gametes produced by the di-hybrid, by looking at the phenotypes with lower frequencies in the progeny.
To calculate the recombination frequency we will make use of the next formula: P = Number of Recombinant individuals/ Total of individuals. The genetic distance will result from multiplying that frequency by 100 and expressing it in map units (MU).
The map unit is the distance between the pair of genes for which one of every 100 meiotic products results in a recombinant product.
In the present example:
Parental) De/dE x de/de
Gametes) De parental type
dE parental type
DE recombinant type
de recombinante type
Phenotypic class Number of offspring
Spikes along back and long, dE, 79--> parentalSpikes along back and short, de, 12 --> recombinantSpikes only on neck and long, DE, 10--> recombinantSpikes only on neck and short, De, 76-->parentalThe recombination frequency is:
P = Recombinant number / Total of individuals
P = 12 + 10 / 79 + 12 + 10 + 76
P = 22 / 177
P = 0.124
The genetic distance between genes is 0.124 x 100= 12.4 MU.
The diagram shows what enters and exits a plant during photosynthesis. Which labels belong in the areas marked X and Y? X: Glucose Y: Chlorophyll X: Chlorophyll Y: Glucose X: Carbon dioxide Y: Oxygen X: Oxygen Y: Carbon dioxide
Answer:
X: Carbon Dioxide
Y: Oxygen
Explanation:
Answer:
X: carbon dioxide
Y: oxygen