What does the second law of thermodynamics say about entropy apex?
The Second Law of Thermodynamics specifies that in a spontaneous process, entropy either increases or remains constant, but never decreases, emphasizing the irreversible nature of physical processes. It also inherently defines heat transfer directionality, where heat flows from higher to lower temperatures, ultimately increasing entropy.
The Second Law of Thermodynamics asserts that the total entropy of a system in a spontaneous process either increases or remains the same; it does not decrease. In practical terms, this law shows that energy in the form of heat naturally flows from objects at a higher temperature to those at a lower temperature, contributing to an overall increase in entropy. This is because the quantity (Δ S = Q/T) reveals a higher change in entropy at lower temperatures. Thus, while the entropy of the hotter body decreases, the colder body experiences a greater increase in entropy, resulting in a net increase in the entropy of the system.
The second law is closely related to the concept of entropy itself. Entropy is a measure of disorder or randomness in a system, and by stating that entropy tends to increase, the Second Law acknowledges the irreversible nature of real-world processes. Although energy is conserved according to the First Law of Thermodynamics, entropy is not, signifying a fundamental difference in how these quantities behave in thermodynamics.
Implications at Absolute Zero
As for the behaviour of entropy at very low temperatures approaching zero (T→ 0), the second law does not specifically address this scenario, making it one of the interesting unanswered questions in thermodynamics.
The second law of thermodynamics states that the total entropy of a system either increases or remains constant in any spontaneous process; it never decreases. This means that heat transfers energy spontaneously from higher- to lower-temperature objects.
The second law of thermodynamics states that the total entropy of a system either increases or remains constant in any spontaneous process; it never decreases.
This implies that heat transfers energy spontaneously from higher- to lower-temperature objects, but never spontaneously in the reverse direction.In mathematical terms, for any reversible process, the change in entropy (ΔS) is given by ΔS = Q/T, where Q is the heat added to the system and T is the temperature. An important consequence of this law is that the entropy of the universe always increases over time, or remains constant in ideal cases where the system is in a steady state or is undergoing a reversible process.For example, when you place a hot object in contact with a cold one, heat will flow from the hot object to the cold one, increasing the total entropy of the system. The decrease in entropy of the hot object is less than the increase in entropy of the cold object, resulting in a net increase in entropy.Thus, the second law of thermodynamics fundamentally outlines the direction of spontaneous processes and the inevitable increase in entropy, representing disorder or randomness, in isolated systems.
Heat of Fusion How much thermal energy is needed change 50.0 g of ice at -20.0°C to water at 10.0°C?
The orbit of the planets in our solar system is generally due to which characteristic of the Sun?
A) the Sun's large volume
B) the majority of the Sun is hydrogen
C) the Sun's strong gravitational field
D) the surface temperatures of the Sun are high
The diagram shows a coiled wire that carries an electrical current. What do the arrows represent?
What is big and green with horns and jumps high?
Answer:
Bullfrog
Explanation:
There is a species of frogs generally found in America known as Bullfrog. Bullfrog has horns. These types of frogs are very big and they can jump very high.
Thus, answer is Bullfrog.
The material or substance that a wave moves through is called a ____
. The medium affects the speed of the wave that passes through it. One factor that affects the speed of a wave is the ____
of medium. Some waves move faster in solids and some waves move faster in liquids and gases. Another factor that affects wave speed is the ____
of the medium.
Answer:
The material or substance that a wave moves through is called a MEDIUM. The medium affects the speed of the wave that passes through it. One factor that affects the speed of a wave is the TYPE of medium. Some waves move faster in solids and some waves move faster in liquids and gases. Another factor that affects wave speed is the TEMPERATURE of the medium.
Explanation:
As we know that the speed of the wave is given as
[tex]v = \sqrt{\frac{E}{\rho}}[/tex]
here we know that
E = elasticity of the medium
[tex]\rho [/tex] = density of the medium
So here we know that speed of the wave will change with the elasticity of the medium which meas it is the type of medium on which the speed of wave will depends upon.
Another we can say for liquid or gas we can say that
[tex]\frac{E}{\rho} = \frac{\gamma RT}{M}[/tex]
so speed will depends on the temperature of the medium
so here answers are
1)Medium
2)Type of medium,
3)Temperature
A wave can regarded as the disturbance, it can move through a medium and there are different medium for propagation
The speed of wave can be affected by temperature and some wave moves faster in solids and some waves move faster in liquids .
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On Earth, water can exist as a solid, a liquid, or a gas. Why?
Explanation:
The Earth has perfect conditions which allows water to exist in all the three states. These conditions are:
1. Earth is in the Goldilocks zone around the Sun which results in an optimum temperature.
2. The atmosphere of the Earth maintains suitable temperature and pressure.
The presence of water in all the three forms helped the life to develop on Earth.
Covalent bonds form because most atoms seek to have how many electrons in their outermost shell?
1
8
4
3
Covalent bonds form because most atoms seek to have eight electrons in their outermost shell
What is a Covalent bond?A covalent bond is formed when two atoms exchange one or more pairs of electrons. The two atomic nuclei are concurrently drawing these electrons to them.
The octet rule is a general principle that states that atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons in order to achieve a stable configuration with a full outermost shell of 8 electrons (or 2 electrons in the case of hydrogen and helium). This is because a full outermost shell gives the atom greater stability and a lower energy state.
Atoms can achieve a full outermost shell through the formation of covalent bonds, in which two or more atoms share pairs of electrons to fill their outermost shells.
Most atoms seek to have 8 electrons in their outermost shell, which is also known as the octet rule.
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what are 2 ways electromagnets are used
How crowded is the asteroid belt? do spacecraft have trouble traveling through it? answer?
The asteroid belt, although home to a significant portion of known asteroids, isn't as crowded as it may initially appear due to the large volume of the belt. Spacecraft have successfully navigated through this space without collision due to the substantial distance, in the realm of millions of kilometers, between asteroids.
Explanation:The asteroid belt, primarily located between Mars and Jupiter, appears crowded due to the large quantity of asteroids, over 75% of the known total. But, in reality, the volume of the belt is massive, and these asteroids are not located close to each other. Typically, the distance between objects, even those as small as 1 kilometer in size, is several million kilometers.
As for spacecraft traversing the asteroid belt, although it may seem perilous, it's actually not typically an issue. Spacecraft like Galileo, Cassini, Rosetta, and New Horizons have successfully traveled through the asteroid belt without any collisions. Pioneer missions by NASA have also navigated through the belt without any significant incident, proving that it's achievable.
In reality, despite the large number of celestial objects in the asteroid belt, there is far more empty space than asteroids. This vast space between asteroids has facilitated space missions effectively without much risk of collision.
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The potential difference in a simple circuit is 2 v and the resistance is 2 ω . what current flows in the circuit? answer in units of
a.
Barometric pressure has been dropping all day. what weather conditions will most likely occur? calm weather stormy weather hot weather sunny weather
Low barometric pressure all day indicates stormy weather condition.
Answer: B. Stormy weather
Explanation:
Barometric pressure is the pressure showed in a barometer which will be proportional to the atmospheric pressure.
When the pressure is low in the barometer that means there is origin of low pressure trough in long range of area.
The low pressure trough will increase warm air in the sea level leading to formation of storms in the sea which will lead to heavy rains or stormy weather like condition in the land area.
Exposure to high energy electromagnetic radiation such as waves can cause cancer sterility and death
Answer:there’s a blank at “such as___waves”
Explanation:
I need the answer too
A 50kg child on a skateboard experiences a 75n force as shown what is the expected acceleration of the child?
The acceleration of the 50kg child on a skateboard experiencing a 75N force can be calculated using Newton's second law of motion (F=ma). Plugging the given values into this equation, we get an expected acceleration of 1.5 m/s².
To calculate the expected acceleration of the child on the skateboard experiencing a 75N external force, we can employ Newton's second law of motion, which states that the acceleration of an object is equal to the net force acting on it divided by its mass (a = F/m).
In this case, the force (F) is 75N and the mass (m) of the child is 50kg.
Now by simply plugging the values into the equation we get a = 75N / 50kg = 1.5 m/s².
So, the expected acceleration of the child on the skateboard, given a force of 75N, is 1.5 m/s².
This result assumes no other forces are involved (like friction) and the force is applied in the direction of motion.
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Two positions of the sun, moon, and Earth are described below: Position A: Moon is between the sun and Earth Position B: Moon and sun are at right angles to each other relative to Earth
Which statement is true regarding the type of tides that can occur?
A neap tide can occur for both positions A and position B.
A spring tide can occur for both positions A and position B.
A neap tide can occur for position A but not for position B.
A spring tide can occur for position A but not for position B.
A spring tide can occur for position A but not for position B. This statement is true regarding the type of tides that can occur. Hence option D is correct.
What is spring tide and neap tides ?A spring tide, sometimes referred to as a "King Tide," is the term used to describe the tide's springing forth' during new and full moons.
Seven days following a spring tide, there is a period of moderate tides known as a neap tide, which occurs when the sun and moon are at right angles to one another.
The ocean is "tugged" back and forth by the gravitational attraction of the moon and the sun when these bodies interact with the Earth in their monthly and yearly orbits, causing long-period waves to roll around the globe.
Average tidal ranges are a little bit larger during full or new moons, which happen when the Earth, sun, and moon are approximately aligned. That happens twice a month. When the moon lies exactly between the Earth and the sun, it seems fresh (dark). When the Earth is situated between the moon and the sun, the moon seems to be full. In both instances, the Earth's seas bulge a little bit more than usual due to the gravitational attraction of the sun being "added" to that of the moon. This indicates that the high tides are a bit higher and the low tides a little lower than usual.
Hence option D is correct.
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What causes convection in the Earth's mantle layer?
How does the redshift of distant galaxies best support the big bang theory? It shows that the galaxies are becoming warmer. It shows that the galaxies are becoming larger. It shows that the galaxies are moving farther away. It shows that the galaxies are shrinking in size.
Answer:
It shows that the galaxies are moving farther away.
Explanation:
When light from the galaxies is shifted towards the longer wavelengths, it is called red shift. When light shifts towards the shorter wavelengths, it is called blue shift. Big bang theory states how the primordial universe started expanding from a hot and dense singularity, in the process of evolution of the universe.
The universe is expanding always. Galaxies that are a part of the universe keep expanding and move farther away from each other. The galaxies that are very far off appear to move much faster than the nearby galaxies.
3. Predict which of the following ions would be likely to form: _____ a. Na2+ _____ b. Cl+ _____ c. Ca2+ _____ d. Br– _____ e. Ne– _____ f. Ne+
Explanation:
Ions are the species which form when a neutral atom either loses or gain an electron.
Atomic number of sodium is 11 and it is able to lose only one electron to attain stability. Hence, it will always form [tex]Na^{+}[/tex] ion.
Atomic number of chlorine is 17 and being a non-metal it needs an electron to completely fill its octet. Hence, a neutral atom of Cl by gaining an electron change into [tex]Cl^{-}[/tex] ion.
Atomic number of calcium is 20 and it needs to lose two electrons to become stable in nature. Hence, it will become a [tex]Ca^{2+}[/tex] ion.
Atomic number of bromine is 35 and it being a non-metal it needs an electron to completely fill its octet. Hence, a neutral atom of Br by gaining an electron change into [tex]Br^{-}[/tex] ion.
Atomic number of neon is 10 and it has completely filled octet. So, it neither needs to gain or lose an electron.
Hence, neon atom will remain neutral in nature.
Thus, we can conclude that out of the given options only [tex]Ca^{2+}[/tex] and [tex]Br^{-}[/tex] ions would be likely to form.
Type your answers here for questions 1-6.
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A 10.0 gram moving at 400.0 m/s is brought to a stop in 3.00 cm in a block of wood. Find the force on the bullet, assuming that it is constant.
Newton's Second Law of Motion states
A) for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
B) a body will remain at rest unless acted upon by an unbalanced force
C) a body will move with uniform motion in a straight line, unless acted upon by an unbalanced force
D) the force acting on a body equals the rate of change of momentum
How much heat (in kj) is required to warm 11.0 g of ice, initially at -13.0 ∘c, to steam at 111.0 ∘c? the heat capacity of ice is 2.09 j/g⋅∘c and that of steam is 2.01 j/g⋅∘c?
Answer:
The total heat required will be 33.35 KJ.
Explanation:
In this question there are two kinds of processes.
1) Heat required for change in temperate = mC∆T
2) Heat required for state change = mass × heat of fusion or latent heat of vaporization
We need some other constants to solve this question.
Heat of fusion of water = 334 J/g
Latent heat of vaporization = 2230 J/g
Specific heat of water = 4.184 J/g0C
Heat required to change temperature from -13 to 0 degree centigrade
Q1 = (11)(2.09)(13) = 298.87 J
Heat required in converting ice to water at 0 degree centigrade
Q2 = (11)(334) = 3674 J
Heat required to change temperature from 0 to 100 degree centigrade
Q3 = (11)(4.184)(100) = 4602.4 J
Heat required in converting water to water vapors at 100 degree centigrade
Q4 = (11)(2230) = 24530 J
Heat required to change temperature from 100 to 111 degree centigrade
Q5 = (11)(2.01)(11) = 243.21 J
Total heat required will be:
Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + Q4 + Q5
Q = 298.87 + 3674 + 4602.4 + 24530 + 243.21 = 33348.48 J
Q = 33.35 KJ
which best describes cosmic microwave background radiation
Answer:
radiation from the big bang
Explanation:
A system has 410 J of potential energy and 80 J of kinetic energy. Then 90 J of the potential energy is converted into kinetic energy. How much work was done on the system?
When the distance between two charges is halved, the electrical force between them?
When the distance between two charges is halved, the electrical force between them quadruples.
Explanation:When the distance between two charges is halved, the electrical force between them quadruples. This is because the electrical force between charges is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. So, if the distance is halved, the force becomes four times stronger.
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Which particle will not be affected by the presence of an electric field? neutron alpha beta+ beta- proton?
Answer:d
Explanation:test
According to Charles's Law, if the temperature of a gas increases, the volume __________.
A. increases
B. decreases
C. stays the same
D. increases, then decreases
The correct answer is
A. increases
In fact, Charles's Law states that when the pressure of a gas is kept constant, the absolute temperature of a gas and its volume are directly proportional:
[tex]V=kT[/tex]
where V is the volume and T is the absolute temperature, while k is a proportionality constant. Therefore, we see from the equation that if the temperature increases, the volume of the gas increases as well.
According to Charles's Law, if the temperature of a gas increases, the volume also increases, since they are directly proportional when pressure is held constant.
A is correct
Explanation:According to Charles's Law, if the temperature of a gas increases, the volume increases. This is because Charles's Law states that the volume of a given amount of gas is directly proportional to its temperature on the Kelvin scale when the pressure is held constant. A useful visualization of this principle is to consider a balloon filled with air. If this balloon is put in a warmer environment, as the gas inside heats up, the balloon will expand.
If the temperature were to decrease, the opposite would happen: the volume of the gas would decrease, as seen when a balloon shrinks in a cooler environment. This relationship is quantitatively described by the formula V1/T1 = V2/T2, where V stands for volume and T stands for temperature in Kelvin. Therefore, if we increase the temperature of a gas (while keeping the pressure constant), we can expect its volume to increase correspondingly.
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energy transfers occur during collisions in chemical and nuclear reactions
true or false
Answer:
The correct answer is True.
Explanation:
Energy transfers occur during collisions in chemical and nuclear reactions. When chemical or nuclear reactions occur, energy is transferred in the form of "heat", which implies a transfer of kinetic, potential and internal energy.
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How can you magnetize an item that is ferromagnetic?
heat it
spin it
rub it with a soft cloth
place it in a magnetic field
Answer:
place it in a magnetic field
Explanation
Ferromagnetic materials are made up of small domains which are randomly oriented in it. Due to this random orientation of all domains they do not produce any magnetic field in its surrounding.
When we put ferromagnetic substance in external magnetic field then due to this all small domains in ferromagnetic substance will experience torque and try to align in the direction of external magnetic field.
Due to this alignment of all domains it produce it's own magnetic field in the direction of external magnetic field.
This phenomenon is known as magnetization.
So here correct answer would be
place it in a magnetic field
Within visible light, violet has the lowest frequency.
a. True
b. False