Answer:
C) Give the subject comprehensive information about the new drug, including its side effects. Discuss the pros and cons of both the investigational drug and the commercially available drug and then allow the subject to decide whether to withdraw from the research to take the new drug.
Explanation:
Phase I study of a drug is to determine the correct dose of a new drug to test its efficiency with the fewest side effects. Investigators used this study to a very small group of people to test its causes and effects. It is to test the safety of the drug.
Now when a new drug is commercially available which can have an equal benefit to the subject or cab have greater benefit to the subject. In this case , the investigator must inform the patient or the subject about the drug and share all the information with him. He should also tell him the side effects and the positive effects of the drug on him. And then let allow the patient to decide whether to test the new drug or continue with the previous one.
Hence the answer is ---
C) Give the subject comprehensive information about the new drug, including its side effects. Discuss the pros and cons of both the investigational drug and the commercially available drug and then allow the subject to decide whether to withdraw from the research to take the new drug.
When the phone rings, Ella has learned that it might be another Telefund solicitation and that makes her feel anxious. Therefore before she answers the phone, she checks the caller ID. If it is indeed the Telefund calling, Ella will not answer the phone. In this way Ella manages to avoid the unpleasant Telefund calls. In this example, Ella's behavior illustrates _________________________.
Answer:
The answer is two-factor model.
Explanation:
This model of learning was proposed by O. Hobart Mowrer in 1947. It tries to understand how phobias are developed and maintained. According to Mowrer, the avoidance of anxiety or fear-provking activities occurs due to the association of a neutral stimulus with a negative stimulus. A person might feel less anxious after avoiding a conflictive situation.
The two-factor model has its roots on operant conditioning theories by B.F. Skinner.
A person who begins to find large family gatherings overwhelming in late adulthood may choose to attend fewer of them so that they can enjoy the occasions more, and be sure to get extra rest before a gathering occurs. According to Baltes and his colleagues' model for adaption for late adulthood, which of the following is closest to selection?
a. choosing to attend fewer events
b. enjoying each occasion more
c. getting extra rest before a gathering
d. feeling overwhelmed by large family events
Answer:
b. enjoying each occasion more
Explanation:
The Baltes model of ageing examines cognitive and motivational processes that controls human development through the life span and was basically designed and created as an explanatory structure for the adaptation to aging.
The SOC model or the selection, optimization, and compensation model of Baltes are provided to get the maximum of gains and minimum of losses which is associated with aging.
Thus according to Baltes, a person at his late adulthood will more prefer to enjoy each and every occasion more in his life is closest to selection.
Therefore the answer is --
b. enjoying each occasion more
Two sealed, pyramid-shaped containers contain what are clearly identical amounts of a liquid. However, a child suddenly judges them as holding different amounts of liquid after one container is inverted. The child apparently lacks a concept of _____.
Answer:
concept of conservation
Explanation:
concept of conservation
Conservation corresponds to a rational thinking skill that allows individuals to decide that an certain amount should stay the same regardless change in container, form, or visible size.
Conservation is among the behavioral achievements of psychologist Jean Piaget in which child knows that modifying the shape of a container or object will not alter its quantity, total volume, or its mass.
The child seems to lack the concept of conservation. This is the understanding that despite changes in appearance or arrangement, the quantity of items stays the same. Demonstrated by misunderstanding the fixed volume of liquid in pyramid-shaped containers.
Explanation:The child described in the scenario seems to lack the concept of conservation. Conservation, in the context of cognitive development, is the understanding that the quantity, length or number of items is unchanged despite changes in the physical appearance or arrangement of those items.
For instance, in the case of the liquid in the pyramid-shaped containers, although one container is inverted changing its appearance, the amount of liquid remains the same. This understanding is typically developed at around 7-11 years of age, during a stage that the psychologist Jean Piaget referred to as the 'concrete operational stage' of cognitive development.
Liquids, irrespective of the shape of their container, maintain a fixed volume as one of their key properties. Thus, the child's misjudgment indicates they have not yet fully understood the concept of liquid conservation.
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WJ Group Inc., a large multinational conglomerate, had begun to experience declining revenues over the years. The top management at the headquarters of the company decided that it was important for the company to avoid deviating from its core competencies. Thus, a few of the company's key businesses like energy, telecommunications, and automobiles were centralized, giving the top management more control over them. Also, relatively newer businesses like beverages and food processing were divested. In this scenario, WJ Group is involved in ____.
Answer:
Restructuring
Explanation:
Restructuring -
It is the process by which the company tries to chnage its operational and financial aspects , in the case , when the business is under very high financial pressure , is known as the process of restructuring .
This method involves the adjustment of the debt in order to reduce any loss financially .
The task is done by reducing the costs , or size of the sales via the sale of the assets .
hence ,
The WJ group is facing the decline in the revenues , and therefore , get involved in restructuring .
Miguel believes that personality arises from personal choices and that people have a natural drive to fulfill their potential. Miguel’s view is most consistent with the ____ view of personality.
Answer:
The correct answer is: humanistic
Explanation:
The humanistic perspective on personality was developed during the mid-20th century. The two main leading theorists who developed this field of psychology were Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Humanistic perspective emphasizes psychological growth, free will and personal awareness. Maslow developed a hierarchy of needs that ranks human needs from the most basic physical needs to the most advanced needs of self-actualization.
Self-actualization refers to the realization of one's full potential and includes creative expression, pursuit of knowledge and search for spiritual enlightenment.
An employee of Speedz Corp., a car manufacturing company, dies on the job because of equipment malfunction. However, the management does not report the incident to the concerned authorities. In this scenario, Speedz Corp. has violated the _____.
Answer:
Occupational Safety and Health Act
Explanation:
Based on the information provided within the question it can be said that in this scenario Speedz Corp. has violated the The Occupational Safety and Health Act. This Act was created in 1970 and is a law that focuses on encouraging safer working conditions within the United States of America, reporting any incident caused by equipment malfunction is obligated to be reported to the police. Therefore Speedz Corp violated this Act.
Researchers Plant and Devine have identified two basic motives that people have for overcoming prejudice: internal and external. According to these researchers, the internal motive is based on ____.
Answer:
A strong inner belief that prejudice is wrong
Explanation:
Internal motive also called intrinsic motivation. It is inside fro a person. When a person gets motivated by its inside moral values, determination. It is about to drive the reward internally. When the reward occurs internally it satisfies a person internally and externally in both the terms. Internal motivation is the opposite of external motivation.
Intrinsic motivation need not any reward from outside. When we get motivated to do work internally, we enjoy that task a lot and to explore, learn and get to know about our potential.
By definition, a total institution is an institution that provides all of the necessities for existence to those who live within its boundaries.
A. True
B. False
Answer:
True
Explanation:
The total institution is a workplace and living area where a significant number of equally qualified individuals, for a long time split up from the community, live an isolated, properly controlled life cycle together. The definition is correlated with Erving Goffman's research.
Involvement in total institution can either be voluntary or involuntary, but whichever is way, if a person has join the institution they must follow the terms and condition of institution and follow the process of leaving their previous identity behind to accept a new one.
A total institution, as defined by sociologist Erving Goffman, is indeed an institution that provides all necessities for existence to those within its boundaries and regulates all aspects of life under a single authority.
Explanation:The statement that a total institution is an institution that provides all the necessities for existence to those who live within its boundaries is true. Sociologist Erving Goffman coined this term to describe a place where people live a controlled lifestyle and are cut off from the rest of society, typically in a confined space. Examples include prisons, military bases, and psychiatric hospitals. In these institutions, all aspects of life are regulated and are under a single authority.
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Mark has been experiencing sleeplessness, irritability, and a sense of increased energy for a week. There are times when he feels euphoric for no reason and has "racing" thoughts for a week. He most likely suffers from _____.
a) dysthymia
b) manic episodes
c) narcissism
d) panic attacks
Answer: B) Manic episodes
Explanation: Manic episodes are heightened activity, increased energy levels that can go even upset and anxious. Self-esteem increases to the level of euphoria, the sense of well-being is increased compared to the real one, such energy stimulates talkativeness and the need for sleep is reduced. The occurrence of manic episodes in itself is not considered a disorder, but rather part or phase of so-called bipolar disorders. This condition usually lasts for one week and one of the causes may be the previous use of antidepressants, over-the-counter medications, caffeine, etc.
Just as the transition from elementary school to middle or junior high school involves change and possible stress, so does the transition from high school to college. The two transitions have many parallels. Which of the following is one of them?
a. A movement to a more personal school structure
b. Increased parental monitoring
c. The top-dog phenomenon
d. Decreased interaction with peers
Answer:
The answer is c. The top-dog phenomenon.
Explanation:
This situation occurs when a person is taken from the "highest position" (last grade in high school) to the lowest one in a different environment (first year in college).
Research has found that this phenomenon is likely to produce stress, anxiety, feeligs of inferiority and even a decrease in academic performance. However, they are soon normalised by adaptation.
Within the field of psychology, there is quite a bit of agreement regarding the empirical support for several of the personality disorders, but _________ personality disorder has generated a difference of opinion among experts.A. schizotypalB. borderlineC. antisocialD.Vdependent
Answer:
The answer is Option D. Dependent personality disorder.
Explanation:
A person with a dependent personality disorder is submissive and clinging because of their fear of losing someone or of being separated. They have a pervasive need to be taken care of. Signs of dependent personality disorder tend to emerge when the patients are young adults. People with this disorder have a fear of being unable to function without someone else's help. It is difficult for people with dependent personality disorder to make decisions and they need a lot of reassurance from others. Dependent personality disorder tends to overlap with other conditions like anxiety and borderline personality disorder so doctors and therapists sometimes disagree on the terms of diagnosis.
Justin is hostile to his employees. His employees have complained that he curses at them routinely and has even thrown books at them. Justin's leadership style may be classified as _______.
Answer:
The answer is coercive leadership.
Explanation:
Leaders who practice this style present an authoritarian or hostile attitude towards the workers. In other words, they give orders and workers must obey. The motivation for performance is usually based on threats of punishment, such as dismissal or a salary cut.
A coercive leader must be feared, so it requires absolute compliance of the consequences for unobedient workers.
Lakeisha is in the final stage of the interview process. She has researched what others in the industry make for a similar job and presents the information to the hiring manager. The manager takes this information under consideration when offering the proposed salary. The manager is using the________.
A.) reinforcement theory.
B.) social exchange theory.
C.) equity theory.
D.) expectancy theory.
E.) efficiency wage theory.
Answer:
C.) equity theory.
Explanation:
Equity theory -
The equity theory was given by J. Stacy Adams , back in the 1960's .
The theory of equity focus on the distribution of the resources , that whether their is equal distribution of resources or not , between the two people , is known as equity theory .
The equity measurement is done by comparing and contrasting the portion of the contributions and the benefits of both the person individually .
Hence , from the question ,
The manger is using equity theory .
Environmentalism attracted the broadest bipartisan support of any of the new social movements, despite vigorous opposition from business groups that considered its proposals a violation of property rights.
A. True
B. False
Answer:
False
Explanation:
Environmentalism strongly opposed the Democrats against the Republicans. The Democrats are mainly supported by independent scientists and researchers while the Republicans are backed by business groups and their scientists.
Few issues have opposed both parties as much as environmentalism has done, while the democrat party has passed projects to stop the use of fossil fuels, on the contrary, the republican party strongly denies that climate change is caused by human activity.
Bobby stole money from the local grocery store on the corner to buy beer. He later assaulted a 72-year-old woman and stole her purse. In the alley, he dumped the purse, went to Starbucks for a cup of coffee, and proceeded to take the train over to the South Side. On the train, a passenger stepped on his shoes, and he threw the hot coffee into the passenger's face and laughed. Bobby would be considered to have:
Answer:
The correct answer is Antisocial personality disorder.
Explanation:
Antisocial personality disorder is a complicated mental disorder in which the individual who suffers from this disorder is characterised by irresponsible, impulsive and in some cases criminal behaviors mostly defined and lead by lack of concern, regret or remorse of ohter people pain and distress. In Bobby's case we can clearly see this lack of concern, regret or remorse for the things he's done like for example when he laughs at the passenger when he threw hot coffee in his face, therefore we can conclude Bobby would be considered to have Antisocial personality disorder.
After a subject has developed a classically conditioned response, an investigator begins presenting the conditioned stimulus by itself. Which of the following is likely to occur?A. extinctionB. stimulus generalizationC. spontaneous recoveryD. acquisition
Answer:
The answer is A. extinction.
Explanation:
The process in which a subject learns the association of the conditioned stimulus with a consequence is called acquisition; on the other hand, when a subject gradually stops making this association, it is called extinction.
In the example, if the conditioned stimulus is shown without any consequence, the subject is likely to stop presenting a conditioned response.
Because of his father's antisocial behaviors, Nico's dad has had difficulties keeping good jobs. His family lives in a poor neighborhood and has much financial difficulty. Based on everyone's negativity, he believes the world is against him. He hangs with the wrong kids and displays much of the aggressive and antisocial behaviors. This is an example of
Answer:
Downward social drift
Explanation:
Downward social drift is a serious mental illness that is similar to the schizophrenia. In this type of disorder, the person gets afflicted with severe substance abuse that leads the person to slow down in the social identity.
In Downward social drift many people suffer with this disorder such as with different profession as lawyers, doctors, etc. In this disorder, madness occurs first in the form of high delusions. People affected their personal, social and professional life. Relations will suffer due to a high level of delusions.
Thus here Nico's dad had had difficulties in keeping a good job and they have financial difficulty. These all symptoms indicated that he was suffering from downward social drift
Which person is LEAST likely to be in a group with the other three?
a. Ben: age fifty, married, politically conservative accountant
b. Sam: age forty-seven, single, ultra-conservative lawyer
c. Sally: age forty-eight, married, politically conservative manager
d. Lauren: age twenty-five, single, liberal waitress
Answer:
D: Lauren, because she's liberal and single.
Abigail has incurable lung cancer. Her lungs no longer have the capacity to function without the aid of a respirator. She wants to be sedated and to have her respirator turned off. What has Abigail requested?
Answer:
Abigail has requested what is called euthanasia.
Explanation:
Euthanasia is the practice of allowing someone to die if they are very sick or suffering. It can involve intentionally giving someone something to assist in their death like tranquilizers so they are sedated and then withdrawing a treatment or equipment that is keeping them alive, like the respirator mentioned in the question example. It is a controversial practice with those who are opposed outright because it entails human intervention in deciding who should live or die and those who think it is the most humane thing we can do for the terminally ill who are experiencing pain.
Abigail has requested voluntary passive euthanasia by asking to be sedated and have her respirator turned off due to her terminal lung cancer and inability to function without medical aid.
Explanation:Abigail has made a request that falls under the category of voluntary passive euthanasia. This is a form of euthanasia where a terminally ill patient, who is in a state of great suffering and has no hope of recovery, decides to refuse further life-sustaining treatment. In Abigail's case, she is requesting to be sedated and to have her respirator, which she depends on for survival, turned off. Given that the patient is conscious, informed, and explicitly consents to the withholding of life-sustaining measures, this process respects her autonomy and her right to refuse medical treatment.
Questions about euthanasia often involve ethical considerations about the right to die with dignity when faced with a terminal illness and intolerable suffering. While passive euthanasia is legal in some jurisdictions when it involves the patient's consent (as in a DNR order), the ethical debate remains complex, involving discussions about quality of life, moral permissibility of ending life-sustaining treatment, and individual autonomy. It is important to note that these decisions are made with careful consideration of the patient's wishes and the advice of healthcare professionals.
Compare The Reaping from The Hunger Games to The Ceremony of Twelves from the Giver. How do both societies limit individual choice, and what is the impact of this on the community?
The Reaping from The Hunger Games to The Ceremony of Twelves from the Giver decides the fate of the young generation of the society without their say in it.
Explanation:Societies depicted in The Giver and The Hunger Games show oppressed livelihood. They are governed by a higher power (The Capitol and the High Elders) who decide the fate of young individuals.
In The Giver, people lack a basic sense of emotions while in The Hunger Games, the districts perform a particular set of task, practicing anything other than that is punishable. Both societies lack freedom.
Answer:
The Reaping in The Hunger Games and The Ceremony of Twelves from The Giver are both ceremonies that
limit individual choice and demonstrate the anxiety and fear that can occur when people do not have control over
their destinies. In The Hunger Games, The Reaping is an annual ceremony that every child must participate in to
determine which children will be selected as the district’s tributes in the hunger games, a fight to the death between
24 children across the country. Katniss’ reflections during The Reaping demonstrate that she resents the way in which
she has no choice but to be entered in the drawing, and she expresses disdain for her government because of the
power that they yield over her. Although she demonstrates some personal choice by volunteering in her sister, Prim’s,
place, because she is essentially volunteering to die, one can conclude that she feels as though she has no real
options to live a meaningful life in her society. In a similar way, the Elders of Jonas’ community control the decisions
for its people. In The Ceremony of Twelves, the Elders determine the jobs for each twelveyearold in the community.
Following the ceremony, the children begin to train for their assigned profession. Jonas expresses his fear and
nervousness about this assignment, both in his reflections before the ceremony and in his conversation with his
parents. He is concerned that the Elders will assign him a position he does not like, and recognizes that decisions
made by the Elders are not easy to change. As a result, he feels anxiety for the future because he does not have
control. Although Jonas does not face or fear death like Katniss, both individuals feel a sense of fear and lack of
control as a result of their societies
Explanation:
Hope you have a good grade and plz give this answer a big 5 star and alot of thank yous
The ___________ suggests that American society is made up of diverse, coequal cultural groups that should preserve their individual cultural features. According to this view, racial and ethnic factors become a central part of adolescents' identity and are not submerged in an attempt to assimilate into the majority culture.
Answer:
The anwswer is pluralistic society model.
Explanation:
As the passage explains, this model states that societies should preserve their cultural diversity and values. This also implies that ruling cultures accept this diversity, as long as they comply to general social norms.
A pluralistic society is tolerant with minorities, instead of expecting them to assimilate (gradually resembling the dominant cultures).
A polymorphic method with __________ binding means functions are statically bonded during compiler time and the parent class function is invoked. Group of answer choices static dynamic related pointer
A polymorphic method with static binding means functions are statically bonded during compiler time and the parent class function is invoked. Group of answer choices static dynamic related pointer
Explanation:
Static binding is defined as a type of binding that has to be sorted through a compiling and binding of static, private and the final methods of the time taken to compile. This type of binding yields better performance as they cannot be overridden.
They can also be accessed by using a local class too. Here the functions are statically bonded during the compiler time and when it is done it will not have the problem of determining the object of class.
You are going water skiing for Christmas break. You are going to the Galápagos. You visit the birthplace of Pancho Villa. You go to Volcán Poás. You visit the Palacio Real where the kings and queens of the country once lived.
A. Argentina.
B. Costa Rica.
C. Spain.
D. Mexico.
E. Ecuador.
What about it though?
Answer:E - Ecuador
Explanation: Ecuador is a country situated in the west coast of South America, it is a Spanish speaking country with various places of attraction like the Galápagos which is an archipelago of volcanic islands. It has various other places of tourist attraction.
If a sea slug on repeated occasions receives an electric shock just after being squirted with water, its protective withdrawal response to a squirt of water grows stronger. This best illustrates_________.A. spontaneous recovery.B. associative learning.C. observational learning.D. operant conditioning.E. habituation.
Answer:
Associative learning
Explanation:
Associative learning is related to the association between the stimulus and consequences. Association is related to something like that some ideas and experiences are related to each other.
Both influence each other and linked with each other mentally. It does mean that we can not recall anything without association. People get together all the information that is presented in our memory.
Associative learning is very useful in classroom teaching. Associative; learning helpful in recalling all the information by the students' inaccurate way. learning is also called a behavior that is related to associative learning.
The strengthening of the sea slug's withdrawal response to a squirt of water after repeated pairings with an electric shock is an example of associative learning, specifically classical conditioning, where a neutral stimulus (the squirt of water) becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits a conditioned response (increased withdrawal).
Explanation:If a sea slug receives an electric shock consistently after being squirted with water, the sea slug's reaction or withdrawal response to a squirt of water becomes stronger. This is an example of associative learning, specifically a type of classical conditioning. In this type of learning, an organism learns to associate two stimuli - in this case, the squirt of water and the electric shock.
Initially, the sea slug may only have a basic withdrawal response to the squirt of water. However, once it experiences the electric shock, which is the unconditioned stimulus, repeatedly following the squirt of water, which is the neutral stimulus, the sea slug begins to associate the squirt of water with the forthcoming shock. As a result, the squirt of water becomes a conditioned stimulus, and the sea slug's withdrawal response, now to the squirt of water, becomes a conditioned response.
Over repeated pairings of the squirt and the shock, the strength of the sea slug's response to the squirt of water increases, as illustrated by the rising acquisition curve and strengthening of the conditioned response.
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Vivian and Steve met at work. At first they were just friends, but over time, they found themselves falling in love - or as Vivian tells her friends, "Steve just grew on me!" According to research in interpersonal attraction in interpersonal attraction, the most likely explanation for their attraction is
a. mere exposure.
b. personal attractiveness.
c. fate.
d. reciprocity of liking.
Answer:
Mere exposure
Explanation:
Mere exposure effect is a tendency that prefers merely because something is familiar with the subject. for example, any song, movie, clothes, etc. This is also called the familiarity principle.
For instance, if you are a caveman and you want to eat fruit. So you find out two fruit one is familiar and the other is not. So the caveman will eat the familiar fruit first rather than the second fruit.
This occurs naturally. It can be positive or negative. This procedure is also found in animals too. Thus in Vivian and Steve's case, both are effected by mere exposure effect.
The attractiveness and acceptance of U.S. popular culture are increasing globally. Parts of this popular culture such as entertainment, fads, and music are being promoted through the media and are increasingly being used by masses in different countries. This scenario exemplifies __________.
Answer:
cultural diffusion
Explanation:
In the context of sociology, what is being described in the scenario seems to be exemplifying cultural diffusion. This term refers to when aspects of a culture such as their beliefs and social activities is spread to other cultures. Which is what is happening in this scenario with U.S popular culture being adopted by various cultures around the world.
If you are being treated for schizophrenia and are learning to distract yourself from the voices you hear and to reinterpret them as just a symptom of your disorder rather than reality, you are MOST likely receiving ________.
Answer:
Cognitive-Behavioural therapy
Explanation:
CBT(Cognitive Behaviour Therapy) is short term psychotherapy treatment. It takes hands-on and practical approach to solve the problems and targets to change the patterns of behaviour that are behind a persons difficulties and hence changing the way you feel. It is used to treat a wide range of issues such as relationship problems and sleeping issues. It changes a persons attitude and behaviour by focusing on the beliefs, thoughts and attitudes that a person holds and their relationship with the person's behaviour.
A student gathers other students to bring a parking issue to the attention of the college administration, leading to a beneficial change in allocation of campus parking spaces. Which of the following anthropological terms BEST describes the student's influence?
a. power
b. authority
c. koinonia
d. charisma
Answer:
Option A, power, is the right answer.
Explanation:
The term power can be best described as the ability to do something or take action in a particular way, notably as forte or character.
At the same time, influence can be described as the capacity to affect the character, construction, or action of someone or something, or the consequence itself. In the given situation, it is a student who makes efforts to influence other students to support him in his action of allocation for campus parking spaces. In this way, that student has the Power to influence other students, therefore, option A will be the right answer.
Juanita is trying to convince the owner of a jewelry store to hire her. She argues that she could help the shop sell an additional three rings per day for a profit of $20 each. If the facts are not in dispute, but the owner does not hire her, then
Answer:
Explanation:In this case, the shopkeeper will do his own loss. That is not a good approach by the shopkeeper. He should go with this girl in order to increase the profit.
The tension experienced by a person whose behavior is incongruent with their attitude and they feel unsettled or disturbed because of it is referred to as_______________.
A. cognitive disequilibrium.
B. the comfort-discomfort effect.
C. attitude cognizance.
D. cognitive dissonance
The tension experienced by a person whose behavior is incongruent with their attitude and they feel unsettled or disturbed because of it is referred to as Cognitive dissonance.
Option D
Explanation:
The feeling of discomfort when a person's beliefs run opposite to their behavior and new information that is being presented to someone is called cognitive dissonance. Generally, people hold consistent belief in what they know is the truth, and when it is challenged, a feeling of disturbance or discomfort arrives. Leon Festinger, a renowned psychologist said that people have inner need to ensure their beliefs and behaviors are totally consistent or not. Also, the frequency of dissonance depends upon many factors like how much they value their beliefs and to what degree they are inconsistent.
Final answer:
The tension experienced by a person whose behavior does not align with their attitudes, causing discomfort, is known as cognitive dissonance. It is a psychological condition where conflicts among beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors lead to an uncomfortable state, pushing an individual toward achieving consistency to reduce discomfort.
Explanation:
The tension experienced by a person whose behavior is incongruent with their attitude and who feels unsettled or disturbed because of it is referred to as d. cognitive dissonance. Cognitive dissonance is a psychological concept introduced by Leon Festinger in 1957, which explains the discomfort or dissonance experienced when there is a conflict between one's beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors. This conflict often leads to a change in one of the elements to reduce the dissonance and restore psychological harmony. An example of cognitive dissonance is believing smoking is harmful while continuing to smoke, leading to discomfort due to the inconsistency between the belief (smoking is bad for health) and behavior (continuing to smoke).
Cognitive dissonance causes discomfort because it disrupts our sense of consistency, pushing us to align our cognitions, attitudes, and behaviors in a way that restores harmony and reduces psychological discomfort. This desire for consistency and reduction of dissonance can result in changes in attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors to decrease the dissonance experienced.