Answer:
Explanation:
The huntington disease is a disease that is caused by the dominent allele. It is the disease which causes damage to the brain cell. The mother and father can be carrier or affected by the disease. As in the condition if both parents exhibit a hetrozygous condition that is both have a dominent as well as as a recessive allele responsible for the disease. Then there is 75% chances of occurence of disease in the child. If both parents are homozygous that is both have dominent alleles then 100% chances of occurrence of the disease.
During pyrosequencing, how are the nucleotides that bind to template DNA identified?
a. pyrophosphate is converted to ADP that binds to the nucleotides to be attached to the template DNA
b. apyrase uses ATP to generate light
c. ATP is broken down by sulfurylase so that luciferin generates light
d. pyrophosphate is converted to luciferin
e. pyrophosphate is converted to ATP so that luciferase is activated.
Answer:
The correct answer is option e. "pyrophosphate is converted to ATP so that luciferase is activated".
Explanation:
Pyrosequencing is a method of DNA sequencing that allows to detect the nucleotides that are being incorporated to a DNA template mediated by a polymerase. In the reaction mixture, pyrophosphate (PPi) is released as a result of nucleotide incorporation by polymerase. As pyrophosphate is released, it is converted to ATP so that luciferase is activated by the oxidation of luciferin. Luciferase is the enzyme that mediates the reaction that generates light and allows to identify the nucleotides that are being incorporated.
Among the characteristics unique to animals is
a.gastrulation c.sexual reproduction
b.multicellularity. d.flagellated sperm
Answer:
a.gastrulation is the correct answer.
Explanation:
The characteristics unique to animals is gastrulation
Gastrulation is a stage early in the embryonic growth in most of the animals, through which simple layered blastula is rearranged into a multi-layered structure called gastrula.
gastrulation results in the formation of three germ layers
endodermmesodermectodermThe embryonic tissue layers are developed and arranged in their proper places during the gastrulation process.
Among the options, gastrulation is the characteristic unique to animals. Other traits like sexual reproduction, multicellularity, and flagellated sperm are also found in non-animal species, while gastrulation is a distinct phase in embryonic development of animals.
Explanation:The characteristics unique to animals are not as straightforward as they may seem. Among the options, the characteristic unique to animals is gastrulation.
Sexual reproduction, multicellularity, and flagellated sperm are not unique to animals as there are non-animal species which also possess these traits. For instance, multicellularity is common in plants and fungi, sexual reproduction occurs in certain fungi and plants as well, and flagellated sperm is found in certain kinds of algae.
Gastrulation, on the other hand, is a phase early in the embryonic development of most animals, during which the single-layered blastula is reorganized into a multilayered structure known as the gastrula. This process, unique to animals, gives rise to what will become the organism's internal body cavities and the arrangement of tissues and organs.
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A pure-line green-seeded plant is crossed with a heterozygous plant. What do you expect in the progeny? Assume the givens of the problems worked in class so that there is no need to ask for additional information.
a. 50% green-seed individuals vs. 50% yellow-seed individuals
b. 25% green-seed individuals vs. 75% yellow-seed individuals
c. 25% yellow-seed individuals vs. 75% green-seed individuals
d. 100% yellow-seed individuals
e. none of the above is correct
Answer:
50% green-seed individuals vs. 50% yellow-seed individuals.
Explanation:
Mendel is known as father of genetics. He explained the concept of dominance, the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment while working on pea plant.
Green seed color is recessive and yellow seed color is dominant. A pure green line seed plant (ss) is crossed with heterozygous plant (Ss). The cross is as follows:
Parents ss (green seed) × Ss (Yellow seed)
Gametes s S, s
progeny: Ss, Ss, ss, ss.
Here, Ss is yellow seed and ss is green seed.
50% green-seed individuals vs. 50% yellow-seed individuals are formed after the cross.
Thus, the correct answer is option (a).
What are the 2 ways that you can do to enhance the
resolvingpower on the microscope?
Answer:
Explanation:
The resolving power of the microscope is dependent upon the objective lens. It can be measured by the ability of the lens to differentiate between the two lines or points on the specimen under observation. The more the resolving power the smaller will be the distance between the two lines or points that can be distinguished.
The following are the two ways that can be used to enhance the resolving power on the microscope:
Using a lens that has a higher aperture.
Decreasing the amount of light being entered into the microscope that means using light of less wavelength.
Which of these is NOT a requirement or influence on chemical cycling of inorganic nutrients in a natural ecosystem?
a. A reservoir for the elements in the Earth
b. The biotic community and its food chains
c. Human activities
d. The input of geothermal energy
e. An exchange pool from which producers draw their nutrients
Answer:
The correct answer is option d.
Explanation:
Chemical cycling illustrates the systems of concurrent circulation of elements between other states, compounds, and substances, and then return to their original state, which takes place in space, and on many objects in space comprising the Earth.
Chemical cycling of the nutrients (inorganic) is needed to maintain the conservation of nutrients on Earth. The chemical cycling of nutrients in a natural system requires a pool for the elements, the activities done by human beings, the biotic community and its food chains, and an exchange pool from which producers extract their nutrients. All the mentioned factors are associated with affecting a chemical cycling in exception to the input of geothermal energy.
What is the only crainial nerve that enters and leaves the skull?
Answer:
The answer is the accessory nerve.
Explanation:
We have 12 pairs of cranial nerves, the accessory nerve is the XI pair. This is responsible for the innervation of the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles.
The fibers of the accessory nerve originate from neurons that are located in the upper spinal cord. These fibers join together forming roots and once the nerve is constituted, it enters the skull through the great hole that is located at the base of the skull.
Then, the nerve continues its path along the inside of the skull in the direction of the jugular hole and then leaves the skull next to the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) and the vagus (X).
Thus, the accessory nerve enters and leaves the skull again, characterized by being the only cranial nerve which has this behavior.
Answer:
The correct answer is indeed the
accessory nerve
The fibers that make up the accessory nerve enter the skull through the foramen magnum and proceed to exit the jugular foramen with cranial nerves IX and X. Due to its unusual course, the accessory nerve is the only nerve that enters and exits the skull.
How do human activities have damaged the greenhouse effect?
Answer:
Explanation:
Greenhouse effect is a natural phenomena. The solar radiations from the sun enters the earth atmosphere where some of the sun light is absorbed by the atmosphere as well as the terrestrial land. The rest energy is reflected back to the space. This helps in maintaining the balance of thermal energy on earth. Human activities like burning of fossil fuels, land clearing and agriculture are increasing the amount of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere. These gases are responsible for absorbing the thermal energy present in the sunlight. Hence, can be responsible for increasing the global temperature worldwide. This is called as greenhouse effect.
Certain mushrooms tend to appear suddenly in circles on lawns. Which of the following might be an appropriate scientific hypothesis about this.
A. Mushrooms grow only in the summer time.
B. The circle shape is random, even though it's almost always how these mushrooms are oriented on the lawn.
C. Mushrooms grow only in association with grass.
D. There are some things too odd to try to explain scientifically. There's no way to know.
E. Mushrooms mostly grow underground from a central root structure.
Answer:C. Mushrooms grow only in association with grass.
Explanation:
Hypothesis is a statement which includes proposed information for the cause of a particular process.
The mushroom colonizes in a form of circle in the grass lawn. It might be a pattern of development of these mushrooms. Supported by the mineral and nutrients they derive from the grass.
Thus C is the correct option.
What are the major components of the brain? What are the principal functions of each?
Answer:
Human brain is divided into 3 major parts: fore brain, mid brain and hind brain.
Explanation:
Human brain is covered tough tissue called meninges which includes outer dura mater, middle arachnoid membrane and inner pia mater.
Human brain is divided into 3 major parts:
1. Fore brain: it consists of:
a) Olfactory bulb: It receives the impulses pertaining to smell from the olfactory epithelium.
b) Cerebrum: It forms the major part of brain. It is divided into right and left cerebral hemispheres by a longitudinal fissure. It has 3 major functional areas:
i) sensory areas: receive and interpret the sensory impulses
ii) motor areas: controls voluntary muscular movements
iii) association areas: deal with memory and communications
Each cerebral hemisphere is divided into frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes.
c) Diencephalon: Roof of diencephalon is called epithalamus, it is non-nervous part. Lying superior to mid brain is thalamus, which is the coordinating center for the sensory and motor signalling. At the base of thalamus is hypothalamus, which serves as osmoregulatory, thermoregulatory, thirst, hunger and satiety centers.
2. Mid brain: It is located between thalamus of forebrain and pons Varolii of hind brain. It consists of 4 rounded lobes called corpora quadrigemina (4 optic lobes). The two superior colliculi are concerned with visual reflexes and the inferior colliculi are concerned with auditory reflexes.
3. Hind brain: Comprises of cerebellum, pons Varolii and medulla oblongata.
Cerebellum is the little brain, it controls and coordinates the locomotor movements. Pons act as the relay station between cerebellum, spinal cord and rest of the brain. Medulla includes the cardiovascular and respiratory centers, the centers for swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing and hiccupping.
All of the oxygen that we breathe is produced by plants.
a. True
b. False
Answer:
The given statement is true.
Explanation:
The oxygen that is present in the atmosphere has two main sources:
Terrestrial Plants: As we know that the plants make use of sunlight, water, carbon dioxide and chlorophyll in a process termed as photosynthesis and make glucose and releasing oxygen into the atmosphere which is then used by animals for respiration. This is one of the major source of oxygen in the atmosphere.
Oxygen released from Oceans: In the oceans of the earth, water bodies ,seas tiny plants termed as Phytoplankton are present that are present near the surface of the water bodied that also release oxygen by photosynthesis and account for about 50% of the world's oxygen supply.
Which of the following is not necessary during Rho-independent termination of transcription?
a. RNA polymerase
b. Rho protein
c. hairpin structure
d. repeating As in the DNA sequence
e. all of the above are necessary
Answer:
Rho protein.
Explanation:
Transcription may be defined as the process of formation of RNA molecule from the DNA template. Three important process of transcription are initiation, elongation and termination.
The termination may occur through rho dependent and rho independent mechanism. In rho independent termination, the rho proteins are not required and not necessary for the termination. The uracil stretch is important for rho independent termination.
Thus, the correct answer is option (b).
(This is earth science but there is no option for that)Which of the following would be most impacted by a decrease in the use of fossil fuels?
water cycle
volcanic activity
carbon cycle
nitrogen-fixing bacteria
Answer:
Decrease in burning of fossil fuels will affect carbon cycle the most.
Explanation:
Carbon compounds circulate within the biosphere as part of carbon cycle. In terrestrial ecosystems Plants acquire carbon dioxide through photosynthesis and in aquatic ecosystems plankton absorb carbon dioxide.
Dead plants bodies deposited underground for a large number of years get converted to fossil fuels and the burning of these fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
Carbon dioxide is also released into the atmosphere through processes like respiration and decomposition of dead organic matter. If burning of fossil fuels is decreased it will be the carbon cycle which will be affected the most.
Bacterial cells were coinfected with two types of bacteriophage lambda: One carried the c+ allele and the other the c allele. After the cells lysed, progeny bacteriophage were collected. When a single such progeny bacteriophage was used to infect a new bacterial cell, it was observed in rare cases that some of the resulting progeny were c+ and others were c. Explain this result.
Answer:
Since the cells are being coinfected by 2 types of viruses, this can create heteroduplex areas. DNA repair systems normally correct the heteroduplex areas. In rare cases, the heteroduplex is not corrected and a chromosome containing the mismatch appears so a single bacteriophage particle can be generated. One DNA strand is c+, and the other strand is c. When such a bacteriophage infects a fresh bacterial host cell, some molecules are created by DNA replication.
Genes are ____________
a. amino acids
b. pieces of DNA
c. RNA and sugars
d. strands of RNA
Answer:
b. pieces of DNA is the correct answer.
Explanation:
A gene is a piece of DNA and it is present in the nucleus of all cell's
The function of the gene is to codes for a specific type of protein.
Genes convey the message that determines our characteristics
Genes are called as a functional unit of genetics.
Which one of the following is NOT a function of sertoli cells?
A. Formation of a blood-testes barrier
B. Production of primary spermatocytes
C. Production of seminiferous tubule fluid
D. Removal of damaged germ cells
E. Synthesis of inhibin
Answer:
The correct answer will be option-B.
Explanation:
Sertoli cells are the large somatic cells present in the testis which helps in the formation of spermatozoa. The Sertoli cells create a suitable environment for the production and maturation of the sperms as they produce certain molecules which nourishes the sperms.
The Sertoli cells act as a barrier between the testis and blood and secrete enzymes like inhibin. They eliminate the apoptotic germ cells and also produce seminiferous fluid to nourish the sperm. They do not play any role in primary spermatocytes.
Thus, Option-B is the correct answer.
Antiport carrier proteins
a. Allow 2 molecules to be transported in the same direction at the same time
b. Allow 2 molecules to be transported in opposite direction at the same time
c. Allow 1 molecules to be transported
d. Allow 6 molecules to be transported in opposite directions at the same time
Answer:
Option (b).
Explanation:
Carrier proteins allow the movement of the particles inside and outside the cells. Three types of porter are uniport, symport and antiport. These porters transport molecules in the different directions.
The antiporters transport two molecules at a time. These two molecules are transported in the opposite directions at the same time. The one molecule will move inside the cell and the other molecule will move outside the cell.
Thus, the correct answer is option (c).
Explain the bacterial transformation experiments of Avery and his colleagues and the results they obtained.
Answer:
Explanation:
Frederick Griffith performed a different experiment on bacterium streptococcus pneumonia. There are 2 strains of streptococcus i.e. virulent strain i.e. bacteria have a smooth capsule, and the avirulent strain, the bacteria have a rough capsule. Though the smooth live bacteria have virulent strain kills the mouse when it is injected into it. But the rough bacteria did not affect the mouse. When he heat-killed the smoothe bacteria and mix with the rough bacteria it kills the mouse. The single heat-killed smooth bacteria did not kill the mouse. Griffith concluded that there is some transforming principle responsible for making the avirulent bacteria into virulent and this process is called the transformation of bacteria. He failed to show which element transforms from the heat-killed bacteria to rough bacteria.
This experiment was further proceeded by Avery, Macleod, Mccarty. They cultured large quantities of smooth pneumonia cells. The cells are harvested from the culture and heat-killed. Then the heat-killed bacterial cells are homogenized and cell extracts were treated with cell lysates separately. The cell lysates are - DNAse, RNAse, protease, trypsin, lipase.
Then he injected the cell extracts with rough bacteria and put this in Petri dish to form the bacterial colony. They observed each colony show a smooth bacterial colony except the DNAse treated cell. DNAse degrades the DNA and the smooth bacterial colony was not formed. This results, DNA is the element which transforms from the smooth bacteria to rough one and makes it virulent.
Avery and his colleagues finally show DNA is the genetic material.
The two homologs of a pair move toward opposite poles of dividing cell during
(A) mitosis.
(B) meiosis I.
(C) meiosis II.
(D) fertilization.
Answer: B, Meiosis I
Explanation:
During meiosis I, genetic material halves, and you get 2 haploid cells (n) from a diploid cell (2n). Those divide again during meiosis II to form 4 different haploid cells.
DNA replicates during interphase and starting at meiosis I, 2n homolog chromosomes attach to form n tetrads. Those tetrads align in the cellular equator during metaphase I and then separate, moving to opposite poles during anaphase I. Each cell formed receives a copy of each chromosome and then divides in a process similar to mitosis during meiosis II.
Homologs of a pair move toward opposite poles of a dividing cell during meiosis I. This is different from mitosis, meiosis II, or fertilization, which involve different cellular processes.
Explanation:The two homologs of a pair move toward opposite poles of a dividing cell during meiosis I. This event is known as anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, during mitosis and meiosis II, it is the sister chromatids, and not the homologs, that separate and move to the opposite poles. Fertilization, on the other hand, involves the fusion of two gametes (each from a different parent) and does not involve the separation of homologs.
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. Suppose that the CO2 concentration in theatmosphere
increased 100-fold. How would this affect the ability ofHb to
deliver O2 and why?
Answer:
Ability to deliver [tex]O_2[/tex] increases.
Explanation:
Carbon dioxide is transported by the blood in the dissolved form. carbonic anhydrase is the enzyme which is a metalloenzyme having zinc at active site converts carbon dioxide into carbonic acid which dissolves in the blood.
Thus,
H₂O (l) + CO₂ (g) ⇔ H⁺(aq) + HCO₃²⁻(aq)
If the concentration of the carbon dioxide is increases, then there is increase in the concentration of the hydrogen ions and thus decrease in the pH which results in the hemoglobin proteins releasing the uptake load of the oxygen. (Bohr effect)
Answer:
dmsasdfsdsa
Explanation:
Cells import useful solids and fluids by ________________.
a. exocytosis
b. dehydration
c. hydrolysis
d. endocytosis
Answer:
The correct answer is option d, that is, endocytosis.
Explanation:
A procedure in which a component gains entry within the cell without getting passed through the cell membrane is termed as endocytosis. In this process, the cell captivates the substances from the external of the cell by engulfing and combining them with its plasma membrane.
The process is further differentiated into three distinct kinds. These are phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis.
Show how selection, genetic drift, gene flow, and mutation relate to genetic variation. Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Make certain each sentence is complete before submitting your answer.
(1) Gene flow ____ genetic variation of a population
(2) Mutation ____ genetic variation
(3) Selection ____ genetic variation
(4) Genetic drift ____ genetic variation
(A) Increases
(B) May increase, decrease or maintain
(C) Decreases
(D) May increase or decrease
Gene flow, mutation, selection, and genetic drift all play a role in genetic variation. Gene flow increases genetic variation by introducing new alleles, mutation introduces new alleles, selection can increase, decrease or maintain genetic variation, and genetic drift can either increase or decrease genetic variation.
Explanation:(1) Gene flow increases genetic variation of a population. Gene flow occurs when individuals move between populations and bring new alleles with them, increasing the genetic diversity within a population.
(2) Mutation contributes to genetic variation. Mutations are random changes in DNA that can create new alleles, leading to genetic diversity.
(3) Selection may increase, decrease or maintain genetic variation. Natural selection can favor certain alleles, increasing their frequency in a population, while also removing other alleles through selective pressure, which may reduce genetic variation.
(4) Genetic drift may increase or decrease genetic variation. Genetic drift refers to random changes in allele frequencies in a population, which can lead to a loss of genetic diversity in smaller populations.
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amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would greatly increase if there were fewer _____.
Answer:
Forests.
Explanation:
They decrease the amount of Carbon dioxide & increase the amount of Oxygen.
Answer:
I think trees aka plants would be the answer
Some bacteria are metabolically active in hot springs because
a. they are able to maintain a lower internal temperature.
b. high temperatures make catalysis unnecessary.
c. their enzymes have high optimal temperatures.
d. their enzymes are completely insensitive to temperature.
Answer:
Their enzymes have high optimal temperatures.
Explanation:
Archaea is one of the domain among the three domains of life. Archaea bacteria are the bacteria that may exist in the extreme environmental condition.
Bacteria re also found at extreme temperatures conditions under the hotsprings. This is because these enzymes of this bacteria work at high optimal temperatures. Their enzymes are active at high temperature condition that makes them metabolically active.
Thus, the correct answer is option (c).
Bacteria that are active in hot springs are known as thermophiles. Their enzymes have adapted to work optimally at high temperatures which usually are considered destructive for most enzymes/bacteria.
Explanation:Some bacteria are metabolically active in hot springs because of option c: their enzymes have high optimal temperatures. These bacteria, known as thermophiles, thrive in extremely hot environments that would be destructive to most life forms. Their enzymes and cellular components have uniquely evolved to function optimally at these high temperatures. Therefore, high temperatures become their standard operational conditions, in which enzymatic reactions and metabolic processes occur effectively.
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Distinguish between homologous and non-homologous chromosomes.
Answer:
Chromosomes are a microscopic thread-like structure, and it is the part of a cell that carries hereditary information in the form of genes.
Homologous chromosomes the relationship between two chromosome, consists of the same gene sequence, each derived from one parent. They consist of alleles of the same type of genes in the same loci. Homologous chromosomes pair up during the process of meiosis 1. The part of the Homologous chromosomes can be exchanged during the process of recombination. Examples of these are 22 autosomal chromosomes in humans.
Non-homologous chromosomes do not belong to the same pair, they consist of alleles of different types. Non-homologous chromosomes do not pair up during the process of meiosis 1. The part of the Non-homologous chromosomes can be exchanged during the process of translocation. Examples are X and Y chromosomes.
Two eukaryotic proteins have one domain in common but are otherwise very different. Which of the following processes is most likely to have contributed to this similarity?
a. gene duplication
b. RNA splicing
c. exon shuffling
d. random point mutations
Answer:
The correct answer is option c. "exon shuffling".
Explanation:
Exon shuffling is a molecular mechanism at which two or more exons from different genes are brought together and results in the formation of new genes. If two eukaryotic genes have one domain in common but are otherwise very different it is very likely that exon shuffling contributed to this similarly. Probably, the exon that encodes for the domain that the two proteins have in common was taken from one protein for the formation of the second one.
Final answer:
The most likely process contributing to the similarity between two eukaryotic proteins with a common domain is exon shuffling, a process of unequal recombination that exchanges exons between genes, resulting in a gene with an additional exon and potentially new protein functions. Thus, option C is correct.
Explanation:
When two eukaryotic proteins share a common domain but are otherwise different, the most likely process that contributed to this similarity is exon shuffling. Exon shuffling occurs through unequal recombination events that allow for the exchange of exons, which are segments of DNA that encode for protein domains. Such recombination can result in a gene acquiring an additional exon from another gene, potentially leading to a protein with a new domain and function while still retaining other original functions. Since introns, which are non-coding regions of DNA, tend to be larger targets for mutations, they can act as a buffer, allowing exons to be shuffled without necessarily disrupting existing coding sequences. Thus, proteins from different evolutionary paths can have common structural features due to the movement and recombination of these exons.
Gene duplication alongside exon shuffling can also contribute to this phenomenon. Gene duplication allows for one copy of a gene to acquire new functions through mutation while the other retains its original function, further increasing species diversity. This combination of processes facilitates the rapid evolution of new proteins using pre-existing domains derived from other genes.
Organic chemistry is currently defined as
a. the study of compounds made only by living cells.
b. the study of carbon compounds.
c. the study of natural (as opposed to synthetic) compounds.
d. the study of hydrocarbons.
Answer:
B
Explanation:
Organic chemistry is defined as the study of carbon compounds.
Organic compounds were first thought to be compounds that could only be produced by living organisms. This theory was disproved when scientists synthetically made urea from ammonia in a lab.
Organic compounds are now known as compounds where carbon atoms are covalently bonded to other elements. This could be hydrogen or oxygen (in the case of lipids or carbohydrates) or nitrogen (in the case of amino acids).
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds, including both naturally and synthetically produced ones, and not limited only to hydrocarbons.
Explanation:Organic chemistry is most accurately defined as b. the study of carbon compounds. This branch of chemistry deals with the structures, properties, compositions, reactions, and preparation of compounds that contain carbon atoms. It's important to note that these compounds may not necessarily be produced only by living cells (which eliminates option a) and can be either natural or synthetic, ruling out option c. Furthermore, while organic chemistry does study hydrocarbons (compounds composed solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms), this makes up only a fraction of the compounds analyzed, so option d is too restrictive.
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One oak tree cell with 14 chromosomes undergoes meiosis. How many cells will result from this process, and what is the chromosome number in each cell?
Answer:
The correct answer is - 4 and 7 chromosomes in each cell.
Explanation:
Meiosis is the cell division in which one parent cell produces four daughter cells with a half number of the chromosome than parent cells.
According to the question oak cell performed meiosis which is reduction division so the number of cell will be four and 7 chromosome will be present in each daughter oak cell.
Thus, the correct answer is - 4 and 7 number of chromosome in each.