______________ in the urine is an early sign of nephropathy.

Answer:

The answer to the question: These cells provide for the sense of smell:___, would be, A: Olfactory hair cells.

Explanation:

The sense of smell might be one of the most primitive, but also one of the most amazing senses of the human system. This sense initiates with the introduction of smells, in the form of chemical molecules dissolved in air, that once they come into contact with the mucus in the nostrils dissolve and reach a group of cells, on the olfactory epithelium known as the olfactory receptor neurons. These cells capture the chemicals and send neural signals towards the olfactory bulbs, where sensory neurons relay the messages towards the brain centers. In the brain, several steps take place in order to gain sense, comprehension and assimilation of the smell that has been captured.

Answer:

The answer is: vomer bone and perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone.

Explanation:

The nasal septum is the structure present inside the nose, that separates the left and the right nasal cavities and the nostrils. It is composed of bones and the hyaline cartilage.  

The nasal septum consists of two bones: the vomer bone and, the perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone. The hyaline cartilage of the nasal septum is known as the septal nasal cartilage.

The nasal septum is formed by the perpendicular plate and the vomer bone of the ethmoid. These two structures, together with the septal cartilage, create a divide in the nasal cavity.

The two bones that form the nasal septum are the perpendicular plate and the vomer bone of the ethmoid. The ethmoid bone is a unique, midline bone that contributes to the formation of various parts of the nasal cavity, including the roof, lateral walls, and nasal septum. The perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone and the vomer bone come together to form the nasal septum, which splits the nasal cavity into left and right halves. The septal cartilage fills the space between these two bones, extending into the nose. In summary, the nasal septum structure is a collaboration of the vomer and perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone, aided by the septal cartilage.

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Answer:

B. Serotonin is a biogenic amine but not a catecholamine.

Explanation:

Catecholamines are the molecules which have an aminolaterral chain with a chatecol and  an amino group on their structure. Also, catecholamines are derived from an aminoacid called tyrosine. Instead, Serotonin is derived from an aminoacid called tryptophan and its structure does not contain the chemical compounds to be a catecholamine.

Serotonin (B) is the neurotransmitter that is a biogenic amine but not a catecholamine; it is synthesized from tryptophan rather than tyrosine, which is the precursor for catecholamines like norepinephrine, dopamine, and epinephrine.

The neurotransmitter that is a biogenic amine but not a catecholamine is Serotonin (B). Serotonin is synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan and is a key neurotransmitter in the serotonergic system, which differs from the catecholamine system that includes norepinephrine, dopamine, and epinephrine. These catecholamines are derived from the amino acid tyrosine and are part of the adrenergic neurotransmitter system, meaning they are involved in the adrenergic response in the body.

Answer:

The best answer to the question: The capillaries perform the transport function of the circulatory system, would be: false.

Explanation:

Although the term "transport" is used loosely here, the truth is that arteries, veins, arterioles and capillaries perform the function of conducting blood, which is the true carrier of everything that comes and goes from and to the tissues, to and from the places where this blood is needed. In that sense, most people say that capillaries, arteries, veins, and other vessels perform the function of "transport", but in essence transporting means literally carrying, and the one tissue that has that capacity in the circulatory system is blood, and it is blood that "transports", while the vessels conduct blood so that its function can be performed.

Answer:

The best answer to the question: The most inferior cartilage of the larynx is the:____ and serves as the landmark for tracheotomies, would be: the cricoid cartilage and the place where even unskilled medical respondents can perform cricothyrotomy, in case of acute respiratory obstruction is known as the cricothyroid membrane which connects the upper thyroid cartilage and the lower cricoid cartilage.

Explanation:

In the structure of the larynx, there are several cartilaginous structures, and bony structures, that provide both support and protection to the tube that connects the upper airways with the lower airways and the lungs. These cartilages ensure that these functions are provided and that air and foodstuffs, including water, reach the proper places. On the larynx, going down towards the lungs, we have three single cartilaginous structures and three paired ones, before it turns into the trachea. The two lowest ones are the thyroid and the cricoid. These two are also joined by the cricothyroid membrane. The cricoid is the lowest, or most inferior of the cartilages and it is also the place where health professionals seek the mark to perform what is known as cricothyrotomy, or, tracheostomy.

Answer:

The answer to this question lies in the number of steps, and substances, that are needed in order to yield ATP from ADP. While in anaerobic glycolysis pyruvic acid and lactic acid will yield their energy so that ADP can be re-synthetized into ATP, producing 2 molecules of ATP from that simple chain of reaction, aerobic glycolysis depends on the presence of oxygen, and several more chemical steps, chemical reactions, in order to finally yield all the ATPs it can yield.

Explanation:

When we are talking about intense training, like a sudden sprint, we are talking about the body needing ATP as fast as it possibly can get it so the muscles can move. Because of this immediacy, the body resorts first to its stores in muscle tissue and in the liver, to feed the anaerobic processes for ATP formation. The other process, called the Lactic Acid system, is the second of the anaerobic processes and its benefit is that while not requiring oxygen to produce ATP, it will use the stores of glycogen in the muscle and the liver, and through the chemical reactions of enzymes, it will produce enough ATP to power the exercise for at least a few minutes, without having to resort to the aerobic system. The number of steps taken to yield ATP are much lesser, and thus much more immediate, than in aerobic glycolysis.

Explanation:

Tennis elbow -

It is painful condition which occurs when the tendons in the elbow gets overloaded , which occurs due to the repetitive motions of the arm and wrist.

Tennis elbow is very common , and commonly athletes face it .

The pain can even spread to the forearm and wrist .

In extreme case can can even lead to surgery .

Tennis elbow is a form of tendinitis resulting from overuse of the elbow joint, often caused by playing racquet sports like tennis. Prevention and management may involve proper techniques to minimize undue strain on the elbow. Severe cases might involve rest, anti-inflammatory medication, and potentially surgery.

Tennis elbow, medically known as tendinitis, is a condition typically resulting from overuse of the elbow joint, which often occurs in racquet sports like tennis. This overuse leads to joint deterioration or damage to the tendons in the elbow, resulting in a microtrauma that initiates an inflammatory response. In severe cases, tendinitis can even result in a tendon tearing loose, necessitating surgical repair.

The connective tissue in the tendon, which doesn't have an abundant blood supply, heals slowly. Therefore, the prevention and management of tennis elbow might involve techniques of using the racquet to minimize undue torques and repetitive motion that can strain the elbow. For example, hitting tennis balls at the sweet spot on the racquet can minimize felt vibration or impact force on the body.

A person with severe pain from tendinitis, like tennis elbow, will often need to rest, take anti-inflammatory medication, and possibly even undergo surgery. People whose jobs or hobbies involve repeated similar movements are often most at risk for tendinitis. Therefore, it's important to use proper technique in sports and other activities to avoid undue stress on the joints and tendons.

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Answer:

Thyroid cartilage

Adam's apple

Explanation:

Adam's apple is a cartilaginous structure that protrudes from the anterior angle of the thyroid cartilage located at the level of the larinx, Adam's apple is more prominent in men due to the hormonal influence of testosterone, so it is related in the developing of the deeper voice tone of the males.

Answer:

The answer to the question: In terms of what is happening within a resting skeletal muscle cell, why are myosins not able to attach to the thin myofilaments, would be: because there is no presence of calcium ions to enable to fusion of the two.

Explanation:

When muscle cells, and a muscle in general, wish to perform one of their functions, which is movement, there are some factors that need to be present in order for this to work. One vital factor is the presence of calcium ions, because it is calcium which will enable the proper formation of the myosin-actin cross bridges for movement. Basically, calcium allows the removal of the protection on these filaments and makes them active, so that they will immediately seek the formation of the cross-bridges. To stop this from happening, calcium is re-absorbed by the sarcoendoplasmic reticulum.

Answer:

Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assays are assays in which both antigen and antibody reactions are utilized. It is an enzyme immunoassay in which a specific antigen with unknown amount is immobilized on the ELISA plate and a specific enzyme is added which is conjugated with an enzyme.

This enzyme is responsible for reacting with the substrate and on the reaction substrate gives a specific color. So higher the amount of antibody bounded with antigen higher will be the production of color.

In indirect ELISA two antibodies are used and the second antibody is conjugated with an enzyme and binds specifically with primary antibody. Primary antibody is already bonded with antigen. In indirect ELISA nonspecific binding is restricted so detection is more accurate.

Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISAs) utilize both immunological and enzymatic reactions to detect the presence of specific antigens, with variations such as direct and indirect ELISA offering different sensitivities and signal amplification.

Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISAs) are assays in which both immunological and enzymatic reactions are utilized. In a direct ELISA, an enzyme-conjugated antibody binds to its specific antigen immobilized on a microtiter plate. After the addition of a colorless substrate for the enzyme, a colored product is formed if the target antigen is present. The intensity of the color is usually proportional to the amount of antigen. In the indirect ELISA, the process involves a primary antibody binding to the antigen and a secondary enzyme-conjugated antibody recognizing the primary antibody, allowing for signal amplification.

Answer and Explanation:

It is necessary to teach the child  and his/her family that the organ transplant that the doctors could perform in him/hier is a blessing and that due to moral issues, they have an obligation with the donor to thank them for the second opportunity they are receiving.

After the transplant, the child will have to take  medications that are call immunosuppressants and are necessary to prevent the child's body from rejecting the transplant, so it is very important that you never stop taking them.

It is very important to lead a healthy life style especially in food

For any fever the months after the transplant it is necessary to visit a doctor

Post-transplant control appointments are very important, it is necessary to go to all

The chlid can go to visit a psychologist

Encourage the child to go to support groups with people of the same condition

Also, its necessary to vaccinate the child and his/her family to prevent illness

Answer:

The correct answer is c. urinary bladder

Explanation:

Transitional epithelium is one of the type of stratified epithelium presents in urinary bladder and ureters. It consists of multiple layer like basal, intermediate and superficial and have ability to expand and relax according to the pressure exerted on them. They have ability to change their shape so called transitional epithelium.

In urinary bladder transitional epithelium helps in expanding the bladder when urine fills in the bladder giving it space to store urine. They appeared to be cuboidal when they are not stretched, when they get stretched they become flat and appear to be squamous in shape.

Answer: A. Buccal

Explanation:

The buccal side of the teeth is the surface of the tooth which faces towards the cheek. This surface is also called as the facial surface as in the reference to the front side of the teeth.  The tooth surface which faces the tongue is known as the lingual surface. Occlusal surface is the chewing surface of the tooth. The proximal surface is the surface which is in reference to the tooth in close proximity of the other tooth.

The buccal surface of the teeth refers to the side of the teeth that faces towards the cheeks. The lingual surface faces the tongue, the occlusal surface is the biting surface, and the proximal surfaces are next to or adjoining another tooth.

The surface of the teeth that faces towards the cheeks is referred to as the Buccal surface. This term is derived from 'bucca', the Latin word for cheek. Different areas of the tooth have different names based on their location and orientation. For example, the lingual surface refers to the side of the tooth facing the tongue, the occlusal surface refers to the biting surface of the teeth in the back of the mouth, and the proximal surfaces are those that are next to or adjoining another tooth.

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Answer:

b. Phalanges

Explanation:

The metacarpals are the five bones that form and support the hand and articulate distally with the proximal phalanges, the bones that form the fingers, and proximally with the distal carpals. The carpus is composed of eight bones that connect the hand with the forearm, those bones are divided into distal and proximal, distal means far from the midline and proximal means near to it. Therefore, the distal part of the carpus is the one that articulates with the metacarpals.

The ulna  and the radius are the bones that form the forearm and articulate with the proximal carpals.

Answer: False

Explanation:

RMR is Resting metabolic rate is the rate at which the body burns the energy while in rest. This can be calculated by how much calories are burn while in rest in vital processes such as breathing and circulation. It is irrespective of the exercise and physical strain taken by the person in awake state. Thus the RMR will only account for small proportion of the caloric needs.

Answer:

The answer is: renal ureter, renal vein, and renal artery.

Explanation:

The renal hilum is a depression or fissure which transmits the blood vessels from the kidney.

The renal hilum consists of the following three structures: renal artery, renal vein, and the renal ureter.

The renal artery enters, and the renal vein and renal ureters exits the kidney from the anterior to the posterior.

The renal hilum is an entry and exit point at the kidney for the renal vein, ureter, and renal artery. These structures facilitate the transport of blood and urine to and from the kidneys.

The three structures found at the renal hilum are the renal vein, ureter, and renal artery. The renal hilum serves as the entrance and exit for structures servicing the kidneys. The arrangement of these structures is in an anterior-to-posterior manner, with the renal pelvis emerging from here, which is formed from the major and minor calyces. The renal vein returns cleansed blood to the inferior vena cava while the renal artery brings blood from the descending aorta to be filtered.

Answer: Option D.  incisor, canine, premolar, molar

Explanation:

As per the Dental anatomy there are four different characteristics of teeth including Incisors, canine, premolars and molars.

Anterior teeth are the type of teeth which contributes in incisal or biting activity and  posterior teeth contributes in chewing. therefore starting from anterior to posterior the order of teeth involves incisor, canine, premolar, and molar.

Where incisors and canine are anterior teeth and functions in  incision or biting  and premolar and molar are posterior teeth functions in chewing.

Hence, the correct option is D.

The correct order of teeth from front to back is: incisors, canines, premolars, and molars; answer (d) is the right sequence.

The correct order of teeth from anterior to posterior is represented by: incisors, canine, premolars (also known as bicuspids), and then molars. This sequence progresses from the front of the mouth, with the incisors used for biting into food, to the back of the mouth, with the molars used for crushing food before swallowing. Therefore, the correct answer to this question is (d) incisor, canine, premolar, molar.

Answer:

The answer to the question: What is the expected response of the systolic blood pressure (SBP) as workloads increase during a graded exercise test, would be, B: The SBP should increase.

Explanation:

Systolic blood pressure is basically the force that the blood exerts over the vessel walls, as it travels through them, once it is ejected from the heart. The blood volume, the amount that is pumped by the heart, and also the resistance placed by the vessels themselves against the blood, all contribute to blood pressure. The name of systolic, or diastolic, comes from the two cycles of the heart, systole, when most of the blood is actively ejected from the heart, and the other when the heart begins to relax and prepare for a new pump. During exercise, especially if it is moderate and increasing, what is expected is for SBP to rise, until 2 to 3 minutes into it, the rising levels off, and becomes constant. But intially, it will rise.

The expected response of systolic blood pressure (SBP) as workloads increase during a graded exercise test is b. The SBP should increase.

It is important to understand both systolic and diastolic pressures for comprehending blood pressure dynamics:

A graded exercise test typically involves progressively increasing levels of exertion. As workloads rise, the cardiovascular system responds by elevating SBP to ensure that sufficient blood and oxygen are being supplied to the active muscles. This is a natural and expected outcome of increased physical activity.

Answer:

When talking about medical ethics, the first thing that must be taken into account is that there are four major basic principles that direct medical practice, and in general, the practice of all healthcare professionals. These are: autonomy, justice, beneficence and non-maleficence. These four are the core principles that ensure that a doctor will always do the best he can in regards to the patient, and for the benefit of the patient.

Unfortunately, these principles do not always apply to the pharmaceutical industry, whose ideas are set more on making profit, while at the same time procuring chemical compounds that benefit the health of patients. However, they do not take into consideration the means a patient may, or may not have, to acquire the elements.

In the case of the doctor, however, this is another matter altogether as he must seek to do what is best for the patient, given the four major principles of medical ethics. In particular, the doctor must apply here, in this case, the principles of beneficence and non-maleficence and he must prescribe the expensive drugs to a patient who have less means if he considers that they are absolutely the best for the health of the patient, and that there is absolutely no other choice when looking at pharmaceutical options. He must first evaluate if a cheaper medication could not achieve the same results, and benefit both the health situation, and income situation, of the patient. If these two are considered, and the answer is: there are no other possibilities, then I say it is ethical. If the decision is taken based on anything other than the benefit of the patient, then, it would be absolutely unethical.

Steroid hormones are synthesized from cholesterol. This synthesis occurs in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of cells and plays a vital role in various physiological processes.

All steroid hormones are synthesized from cholesterol. This substance is a type of lipid that provides the basic structure for the formation of steroids in our bodies. The process of synthesis occurs within the cells, particularly in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. This is an important process in the body because steroid hormones play vital roles in various physiological processes such as immune response, regulation of inflammation, regulation of metabolism, and much more.

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All steroid hormones are synthesized from cholesterol.

Cholesterol serves as the precursor molecule for the biosynthesis of various steroid hormones, including glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and sex hormones. These hormones are crucial for regulating a wide range of physiological processes in the body. The synthesis of steroid hormones typically begins with cholesterol, which undergoes a series of enzymatic reactions in specific tissues and organs.

For example, in the adrenal glands, cholesterol is converted into glucocorticoids (such as cortisol) and mineralocorticoids (such as aldosterone). In the gonads (testes and ovaries), cholesterol is transformed into sex hormones like testosterone and estradiol. Each type of steroid hormone has its own distinct biosynthetic pathway, with various enzymes and intermediates involved.

To learn more about cholesterol follow the link:

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Answer:

The best answer to the question: Are the cartilage rings visible in the trachea and bronchi, would be: yes.

Explanation:

Both the larynx, trachea and bronchi, with the exception of the tertiary bronchi that already branch into the lungs themselves, have visible, white-like, cartilaginous rings that give them support, and protect them from impact. These rings, from the trachea, to the bronchi, can be seen as successive ring-like downwards structures that surround the softer muscular tubes. They are made of cartilage because these structures need flexibility and easiness of expansion. But they can be seen.

Answer:

The correct answer is A.

Explanation:

Androgen insensivity syndrome (AIS) is a genetic autosomal recessive disease linked to X chromosome.  

During development, an 46XY embryo with AIS cannot process the androgens produced by the testes, but they do respond to other hormones, therefore the testes form and function during embryonic development.  

Testes produce Müllerian inhibiting hormone, which stops the development of uterus, fallopian tubes and cervix.

But the Wolffian ducts aren’t able to respond to androgens secreted by the testes, so as a result, they don’t turn into prostate gland, spermatic ducts, ejaculatory ducts or seminal vesicles.

External genitalia develop as a normal 46XX female fetus, because they don’t respond to testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (androgens )

An XY individual with androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) will develop a) testes, external female genitalia, neither internal genitalia

Answer: a. periodontal ligaments

Explanation:

The periodontal ligament is a bundle of tiny fibers which facilitates the attachment of the cementum of the tooth to the jaw bone. This aids in holding the tooth firmly in it's place that is the socket. Thus it can be said that the periodontal ligament provides the supportive function to the tooth.

Answer:

The correct answer is D.

Explanation:

Carbidopa is a drug that inhibits peripheral metabolism of levodopa. For Parkinson disease treatment carbidopa is added to levodopa. This allows a greater proportion of levodopa to cross the blood brain barrier and have a therapeutic effect in central nervous system.

Answer:

c. prevent each alveolus from collapsing as air moves in and out during respiration.

Explanation:

In the lungs the exchange of gases takes place with the help of numerous tiny air sacs called alveoli. The alveoli collectively have large surface area which is required for efficient gas exchange. Surfactant is a complex of six lipids and four proteins that helps the alveoli to maintain their structure. It reduces surface tension at air-liquid interface within the lungs and make alveoli more stable. Without it the alveoli would collapse into each other during exhalation process which would form larger air sacs with smaller surface area. It is secreted by epithelial type II cells in alveolar space.

Babies born without sufficient surfactant face difficulty in breathing, become tired and do not get enough oxygen. They suffer from respiratory distress syndrome or hyaline membrane disease.

Answer:

The best answer to the question: Initial periodontal therapy includes which of the following procedures:___, would be, D: All of the above.

Explanation:

The purpose of periodontal therapy is to remove all the microbial presences that are causing problems, particularly to the gums, and other structures of the mouth, causing inflammation and other issues. In order to achieve this bacterial removal and cleansing, dentists will use several procedures to achieve it. Among them are: antimicrobial therapy, but also scaling and root debridement through root planning. All these procedures will aim at reducing plaque and calculus, cleaning the teeth and removing the bacteria causing the problems.

Answer: Conchae

Explanation:

The respiration is a process that can be defined as exchange of gases in between lungs and outer environment.

The enter the body through nose an then passes through nasal passage. The structure that helps in the deflection of air is known as conchae.

The vibrissae in the vestibule provides filter as it screens the particulate matter present in inhaled hair.

Hence, the correct answer is option A

Answer:

Explanation:

The collaboration is essential for functioning of the team for the particular goal achievement. This will help in solving problems, greater patient care, staff and family satisfaction. Generally the patients of rehabilitation center goes through with physiological and pyschological disorders thus care is required with team collaboration.

Answer:

The best answer to the question: Development of the testes in the embryo is due to:___, would be, C: Presence of a single Y chromosome.

Explanation:

The subject of sexual differentiation into male, or female, during the prenatal, and especially embryonic stage, is still a matter of study and research. Although many of the processes are widely accepted and understood, studies show that there may be other factors involved in sexual differentiation. However, what has been known so far is that in the embryonic stage, the presence of TDF (testis-determining factor) is crucial to this determination. TDF is a product of the presence of the Y chromosome in the gene known as SRY. It has been seen that when this protein product is not presence, there will be no growth of the necessary parts for male differentiation from a female.

Explanation:

Lymphocytes are the type of the white blood cell which function as a part of immune system.

Types of Lymphocytes:

T cells

T cells are developed in thymus gland. The specialized molecule of T-cell receptor is located on surface of cell. The molecule is important in the immunity as it recognizes the antigens and thus it to bind to them.

B cells

B cells are important part of immune system. They mature in bone marrow of the humans, and in bursa organ of the birds. The cells have a protein on the surface which is known as B-cell receptor. The protein recognizes and attaches to the specific antigens.

Natural killer cells

Natural killer cells are the lymphocytes which are known to be cytotoxic. They have ability to kill the other cells in the body. The cells are important part of immune system because these cells are able to recognize infected cells.

B lymphocytes are cells that are initially produced in the yolk sac, then in the liver (during fetal life), and later in the bone marrow. They are responsible for ensuring the so-called humoral immunity, which stands out for the immune response made by the production of antibodies. These antibodies are capable of neutralizing or even destroying antigens. In addition to antibody production, B lymphocytes act as immune memory cells. These cells are able to react quickly to a new infection with the same antigen. As such, they ensure faster and more effective protection.

T lymphocytes originate from lymphoid progenitor cells found in the bone marrow. These cells leave the marrow towards the thymus. T helper lymphocytes guarantee the differentiation of B lymphocytes into plasma cells, and are therefore important for antibody production. Suppressor T lymphocytes terminate the humoral response, that is, antibody production. T lymphocytes are estimated to represent 65% to 75% of lymphocytes present in a person's blood.

NK cells (also a lymphocyte), or natural killer cells, are part of the innate immune system. These cells are able to distinguish infected or tumor cells and attack them without stimulation. Its immune response is nonspecific, unlike T and B lymphocytes, which produce responses by antigen action.