Answer:
Check the explanation
Explanation:
using System;
using System.IO;
public class Program
{
public static void Main()
{
string[] lines;
Console.WriteLine("enter name of the file");
String fileName=Console.ReadLine();
Console.WriteLine("enter path of the file");
String filePath=Console.ReadLine();
using (StreamReader streamReader = File.OpenText(filePath))
{
String text = streamReader.ReadToEnd();
lines = File.ReadAllLines(filePath);
}
Console.WriteLine("Enter path of the file to write");
String outputFilePath = Console.ReadLine();
bool fileExist = File.Exists(outputFilePath);
if (fileExist)
{
overWriteOrChangeFileName(outputFilePath);
}
else
{
File.Create(outputFilePath);
File.WriteAllLines(outputFilePath, lines);
}
Console.Write("Input file Path"+filePath);
Console.Write("output file path"+outputFilePath);
void overWriteOrChangeFileName(String filePathtoCheck){
Console.WriteLine("File exists. Do you want to overwrite the file or do you want to change the location and file name of the new file.Press Y to overwrite and press C to change the location and filename");
String userInput=Console.ReadLine();
if(userInput.Equals("Y")){
File.WriteAllLines(outputFilePath, lines);
}else{
Console.WriteLine("enter new path of the file including filename");
String NewFileName=Console.ReadLine();
outputFilePath=NewFileName;
if(File.Exists(outputFilePath)){
overWriteOrChangeFileName(outputFilePath);
}
else
{
File.Create(outputFilePath);
File.WriteAllLines(outputFilePath, lines);
}
}
}
}
}
Assume a 16-word direct mapped cache with b=1 word is given. Also assume that a program running on a computer with this cache memory executes a repeating sequence of lw instructions involving the following memory addresses in the exact sequence is given: Ox74 OxAO Ox78 0x38C OXAC 0x84 0x88 0x8C 0x7c 0x34 Ox38 0x13C 0x388 0x18C
A.)Show the placement of the given instruction addresses in this cache.
B.) Calculate the miss rate of this cache for the given list of instruction addresses. Please show your work.
Answer:
a) See the placement of the given instruction addresses in this cache in the picture.
b) The miss rate for the below instructions address sequence is 100% as no address is repeated.
Explanation:
Two files named numbers1.txt and numbers2.txt both have an unknown number of lines, each line consisting of a single positive integer. Write some code that reads a line from one file and then a line from the other file. The two integers are multiplied together and their product is added to a variable called scalar_product which should be initialized to zero. Your code should stop when it detects end of file in either file that it is reading. For example, if the sequence of integers in one file was "9 7 5 18 13 2 22 16" and "4 7 8 2" in the other file, your code would compute: 4*9 + 7*7 + 8*5 + 2*18 and thus store 161 into scalar_product.
Final answer:
The code reads lines from two files and multiplies the integers from each line together, adding the products to a variable called scalar_product.
Explanation:
The task requires reading lines from two files and multiplying the corresponding integers from each line together. The products are then added to a variable called scalar_product. The code should stop when it reaches the end of either file. This can be achieved by using a loop to read lines from both files simultaneously and perform the multiplication and addition operations:
scalar_product = 0
with open('numbers1.txt') as file1, open('numbers2.txt') as file2:
for line1, line2 in zip(file1, file2):
num1 = int(line1.strip())
num2 = int(line2.strip())
scalar_product += (num1 * num2)
print(scalar_product)
This example demonstrates a simple but effective way to calculate the scalar product of two sets of integers from text files in Python.
Final answer:
The question asks for code that calculates the scalar product of integers read from two files. The process involves multiplying integers from corresponding lines and summing the products. The code in Python was provided with error handling for missing files or non-integer values.
Explanation:
The task given involves writing code that reads from two files containing lines of positive integers, multiplies corresponding numbers from each line of these files together, and adds the product to a variable named scalar_product, which has been initialized to zero. This process is reminiscent of computing the scalar product or dot product in mathematics, though in this case, the operation is performed with integers from files instead of vector components. It is important that the code stops processing once it reaches the end of either file.
Below is an example of how the code could be implemented in Python:
scalar_product = 0
try:
with open('numbers1.txt', 'r') as file1, open('numbers2.txt', 'r') as file2:
for num1, num2 in zip(file1, file2):
scalar_product += int(num1) * int(num2)
except FileNotFoundError:
print("One of the files was not found.")
except ValueError:
print("Found non-integer line.")
This code initializes the scalar_product, opens both files concurrently, and uses a zip function to read corresponding lines. It then multiplies these integers and adds the result to scalar_product. Additionally, the code includes error handling to deal with potential issues like missing files and invalid content.
g write a program which will take a list of integer number from the user as input and find the maximum and minimum number from the list. first, ask the user for the size of the array and then populate the array. create two user define functions for finding the minimum and maximum numbers from the array. finally, you need to print the entire list along with the max and min numbers. you have to use arrays and user-define functions for the problem.
Answer:
see explaination
Explanation:
#include <stdio.h>
// user defined functions
int min(int arr[], int n)
{
int m=arr[0];
for(int i=1;i<n;i++)
if(arr[i]<m)
m=arr[i];
// return minimum
return m;
}
int max(int arr[], int n)
{
int m=arr[0];
for(int i=1;i<n;i++)
if(arr[i]>m)
m=arr[i];
// return maximum
return m;
}
int main() {
int n;
// read N
printf("Enter number of elements: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
// read n values into list
int arr[n];
printf("Enter elements: ");
for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
scanf("%d",&arr[i]);
// find max and min
printf("The List is: ");
for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("%d ",arr[i]);
printf("\nThe minimum value is: %d\n",min(arr,n));
printf("The maximum value is: %d\n",max(arr,n));
return 0;
}
see attachment for screenshot and output
What is the purpose of the Excel Function Reference?
to look up functions and their purposes
to add customized functions to the list
to delete functions from the list
to sort and organize functions in the list
Answer:
To look up functions and their purposes
Explanation:
Edg
Answer:
a on edge
Explanation:
just took the question
This program builds on the program developed in part
1. This program will read a word search from the provided file name. you will develop six methods, (1) a method to search for a word placed in a horizontal direction(rows) in the word search,
(2) a method to search for a word placed in a vertical direction (columns) in the word search,
(3) a method to search for a word placed in a diagonal direction in the word search, and
(4) test methods for the horizontal, vertical, and diagonal search methods.
Answer:
The solution is in C++
Explanation:
// C++ programs to search a word in a 2D grid
#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
// Rows and columns in given grid
#define R 3
#define C 14
// For searching in all 8 direction
int x[] = { -1, -1, -1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1 };
int y[] = { -1, 0, 1, -1, 1, -1, 0, 1 };
// This function searches in all 8-direction from point
// (row, col) in grid[][]
bool search2D(char grid[R][C], int row, int col, string word)
{
// If first character of word doesn't match with
// given starting point in grid.
if (grid[row][col] != word[0])
return false;
int len = word.length();
// Search word in all 8 directions starting from (row,col)
for (int dir = 0; dir < 8; dir++)
{
// Initialize starting point for current direction
int k, rd = row + x[dir], cd = col + y[dir];
// First character is already checked, match remaining
// characters
for (k = 1; k < len; k++)
{
// If out of bound break
if (rd >= R || rd < 0 || cd >= C || cd < 0)
break;
// If not matched, break
if (grid[rd][cd] != word[k])
break;
// Moving in particular direction
rd += x[dir], cd += y[dir];
}
// If all character matched, then value of must
// be equal to length of word
if (k == len)
return true;
}
return false;
}
// Searches given word in a given matrix in all 8 directions
void patternSearch(char grid[R][C], string word)
{
// Consider every point as starting point and search
// given word
for (int row = 0; row < R; row++)
for (int col = 0; col < C; col++)
if (search2D(grid, row, col, word))
cout << "pattern found at " << row << ", "
<< col << endl;
}
// Driver program
int main()
{
char grid[R][C] = {"GEEKSFORGEEKS",
"GEEKSQUIZGEEK",
"IDEQAPRACTICE"
};
patternSearch(grid, "GEEKS");
cout << endl;
patternSearch(grid, "EEE");
return 0;
}
This response outlines the creation of a word search program including six key methods: horizontal, vertical, and diagonal search methods, along with their respective test methods to ensure accuracy.
In this task, we aim to develop a program that reads a word search from a file and includes six main methods. Below are the steps and methods you need to implement:
1. Horizontal Search Method
Create a method to search for a word placed horizontally in the word search. You can iterate through each row and check for the presence of the target word within that row.
2. Vertical Search Method
Create a method to search for a word placed vertically in the word search. In this method, you'll iterate over each column, constructing potential matches vertically.
3. Diagonal Search Method
Create a method to search for a word placed diagonally in the word search. Handle both diagonals from top-left to bottom-right and top-right to bottom-left.
4. Test Methods
Develop test methods for horizontal, vertical, and diagonal search methods. Ensure you have test cases that cover various scenarios to validate the correctness of your searches.
The code for the following programs are:
class WordSearchSolver:
def __init__(self, filename):
self.grid = self.read_word_search(filename)
def read_word_search(self, filename):
# Method to read word search from file and return grid
pass
def horizontal_search(self, word):
# Method to search for a word horizontally in the grid
pass
def vertical_search(self, word):
# Method to search for a word vertically in the grid
pass
def diagonal_search(self, word):
# Method to search for a word diagonally in the grid
pass
def test_methods(self):
# Test methods for horizontal, vertical, and diagonal search
pass
# Test the class
if __name__ == "__main__":
filename = "word_search.txt" # Example filename
solver = WordSearchSolver(filename)
solver.test_methods()
By implementing these methods, the program can effectively search for words in different orientations within the word search grid.
Suppose we perform a sequence of stack operations on a stack whose size never exceeds kk. After every kk operations, we make a copy of the entire stack for backup purposes. Show that the cost of nn stack operations, including copying the stack, is O(n)O(n) by assigning suitable amortized costs to the various stack operations.
Answer:
The actual cost of (n) stack operations will be two ( charge for push and pop )
Explanation:
The cost of (n) stack operations involves two charges which are actual cost of operation of the stack which includes charge for pop ( poping an item into the stack) which is one and the charge for push ( pushing an item into the stack ) which is also one. and the charge for copy which is zero. therefore the maximum size of the stack operation can never exceed K because for every k operation there are k units left.
The amortized cost of the stack operation is constant 0 ( 1 ) and the cost of performing an operation on a stack made up of n elements will be assigned as 0 ( n )
The amortized cost of n stack operations, including backup copying after every k operations, remains O(n). This is achieved by assigning an amortized cost of 2 to each operation and distributing the copying cost evenly.
To analyze the cost of stack operations including backups, we consider the sequence of operations and calculate the total cost over time, assigning an amortized cost. Here’s the breakdown:
Each stack operation (push or pop) is assigned an amortized cost of 2.Every k operations, the entire stack is copied. This copy operation takes O(k) time.Since each operation has an amortized cost of 2, and every k operations involve an additional O(k) time for copying, the total cost for n operations is O(n) over time. This is because the cumulative effect of the every-k copying is distributed evenly across the individual operations, ensuring that the average cost per operation remains constant.
Therefore, the total cost comprises the individual stack operations plus the copying operations, yielding an overall cost of O(n).
Make a program that prints each line of its input that mentions fred. (It shouldn’t do anything for other lines of input.) Does it match if your input string is Fred, frederick, or Alfred? Make a small text file with a few lines mentioning "fred flintstone" and his friends, then use that file as input to this program and the ones later in this section.
Answer:
See Explaination
Explanation:
This assume that input is a file and is given on command line. Please note this will ot print lines with frederick as thats what I feel question is asking for
#!/usr/bin/perl -w
open(FILE, $ARGV[0]) or die("Could not open the file $ARGV[0]");
while ($line = <FILE>){
if($line=~/\s+fred\s+/)
{
print $line;
}
}
close(FILE);
python Write a function max_magnitude() with two integer input parameters that returns the largest magnitude value. Use the function in a program that takes two integer inputs, and outputs the largest magnitude value.
Final answer:
To solve this problem, write a function called max_magnitude() that takes two integer input parameters. Inside the function, compare the magnitudes of the two integers using the absolute value function, abs(). Return the larger magnitude value using the max() function.
Explanation:
To solve this problem, you can write a function called max_magnitude() that takes two integer input parameters. Inside the function, compare the magnitudes of the two integers using the absolute value function, abs(). Return the larger magnitude value using the max() function.
Here's an example implementation:
def max_magnitude(num1, num2):
return max(abs(num1), abs(num2))
# Example usage
test1 = int(input('Enter first number: '))
test2 = int(input('Enter second number: '))
result = max_magnitude(test1, test2)
print(f'Largest magnitude value: {result}')
In this example, we prompt the user to enter two integers and store them in test1 and test2. We then call the max_magnitude() function with the inputs as arguments, and store the result in result. Finally, we print the largest magnitude value.
A large IPv4 datagram is fragmented into 4 fragments at router 1 to pass over a network with an MTU of 1500 bytes. Assume each fragment is larger than 900 bytes. Then, each fragment arrives at router 2, which wants to forward the fragments over a network with an MTU of 900 bytes to deliver to the destination.
How many fragments will arrive at the destination host?
Answer:
8
Explanation:
Having in mind that all the given 4 fragments are larger than 900 bytes and smaller than 1500 bytes, this will make router 2 to fragment each fragment by router 1 into 2 fragments .
Hence, 4*2 = 8 fragments will reach at destination host.
Suppose you are organizing a party for a large group of your friends. Your friends are pretty opinionated, though, and you don't want to invite two friends if they don't like each other. So you have asked each of your friends to give you an \enemies" list, which identi es all the other people among your friends that they dislike and for whom they know the feeling is mutual.
Your goal is to invite the largest set of friends possible such that no pair of invited friends dislike each other. To solve this problem quickly, one of your relatives (who is not one of your friends) has offered a simple greedy strategy, where you would repeatedly invite the person with the fewest number of enemies from among your friends who is not an enemy of someone you have already invited, until there is no one left who can be invited. Show that your relative’s greedy algorithm may not always result in the maximum number of friends being invited to your party.
Answer:
Relative greedy algorithm is not optimal
Explanation:
Proving that Relative’s greedy algorithm is not optimal.
This can be further proved by the following example.
Let us assumethe friends to be invited be Ali, Bill, David, Dennis, Grace, Eemi, and Sam.
The enemy list of each friend is shown below:
• Ali: Bill. David, Dennis
• Bill: Ali, Grace, Eemi, Sam
• David: Ali, Grace, Eemi, Sam
• Dennis: Ali, Grace, Eemi, Sam
• Grace: Bill. David, Dennis. Eemi . Sam
• Eemi: Bill, David, Dennis, Grace, Sam
• Sam: Bill, David, Dennis, Eemi, Grace
From the enemy list, the one with fewer enemies is Ali.
If we invite Ali, then Bill, David, and Dennis cannot be invited.
Next person that can be invited is one from Grace, Eemi, and Sam
If we choose any one of them we cannot add any other person.
For example, if we choose Grace, all other members are enemies of Ali and Grace. So only Ali
and Grace can only be invited.
So we get a list of two members using relative’s greedy algorithm.
This is not the optimal solution.
The optimal solution is a list of 3 members
• Bill, David, and Dennis can be invited to the party.
Hence, it is proved that relative’s greedy algorithm is not optimal, where the maximum number of friends is not invited to the party.
The Greedy algorithm is not optimal for this case because it cannot invite all the friends.
What is Greedy Algorithm?This refers to a modest approach that is taken to solve a problem by selecting the best option available to solve optimization problems.
Hence, we can see that if we use the greedy algorithm, we would have to make optimal selections to get the complete optimal system, and in this case, it is not optimal.
This is because, the optimal solution is a list of 3 members, and not all the friends can be invited.
Read more about greedy algorithm here:
https://brainly.com/question/13197481
Hex value 0xC29C3480 represents an IEEE-754 single-precision (32 bit) floating-point number. Work out the equivalent decimal number. Show all workings (e.g. converting exponent and mantissa)
Answer:
floating point Decimal Number = -78.1025390625
Explanation:
Hex Value =0xC29C3480
Convert this hex value into binary number, Use only C29C3480 as hexadecimal number. Each digit in hexadecimal will convert into 4 bits of binary. To convert this number into decimal we use hexadecimal to binary table. The conversion is as below:
1100 0010 1001 1100 0011 0100 1000 0000
Now this is a 32 bit number in binary, the bits are arranged as follows
1 10000101 00111000011010010000000
(Sign bit) (Exponent bits) (Fraction bits)
In this 32 bit number, 32nd bit is sign bit,number is positive if the bit is 0 other wise number is negative. From 31st to 23rd bits 8 bits that are known as exponent bits, while from 22nd to 0 total 23 bits that are called fraction bit.
As the 32 bit is 1, so given number is negative. Now convert the Exponent bits into decimal values as10000101 = 1x2⁷+0x2⁶+0x2⁵+0x2⁴+0x2³+1x2²+0x2¹+1x2⁰
= 1x2⁷ + 1x2² + 1x2⁰
= 128 + 4 + 1 = 133
3. Now we calculate the exponent bias, that will be calculated through, the formula.
exponent bias = 2ⁿ⁻¹ - 1
there n is total number of bits in exponent value of 32 bit number, Now in this question n=8, because there are total 8 bits in exponent.
so, exponent bias = 2⁸⁻¹ - 1 = 2⁷-1= 128-1= 127
e = decimal value of exponent - exponent bias
= 133 - 127 = 6
4. Now, we calculate the decimal value of fraction part of the number, which is called mantissa.
Mantissa=0x2⁻¹+0x2⁻²+1x2⁻³+1x2⁻⁴+1x2⁻⁵+0x2⁻⁶+0x2⁻⁷+0x2⁻⁸+0x2⁻⁹+1x2⁻¹⁰+1x2⁻¹¹+0x2⁻¹²+1x2⁻¹³+0x2⁻¹⁴+0x2⁻¹⁵+1x2⁻¹⁶+0x2⁻¹⁷+0x2⁻¹⁸+0x2⁻¹⁹+0x2⁻²⁰+0x2⁻²¹+0x2⁻²²+0x2⁻²³
= 1x2⁻³+1x2⁻⁴+1x2⁻⁵+1x2⁻¹⁰+1x2⁻¹¹+1x2⁻¹³+1x2⁻¹⁶
= 0.125 + 0.0625 + 0.03125 + 0.0009765625 + 0.00048828125 + 0.00012207031 + 0.00001525878
Mantissa = 0.22035217284
Now the formula to calculate the decimal number is given below:
decimal number = (-1)^s x (1+Mantissa) x 2^e
there s is the sign bit which is 1. and e =6.
so,
decimal number = (-1)^1 x (1+0.22035217284 ) x 2⁶
= -1 x 1.22035217284 x 64
= -78.1025390625
The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) has 128 binary-coded characters. A certain computer generates data at 1,000,000 characters per second. For single error detection, an additional bit (parity bit) is added to the code of each character. What is the minimum bandwidth required to transmit this signal.
Final answer:
The minimum bandwidth required to transmit a signal generated at a rate of 1,000,000 ASCII characters per second, with an added parity bit for single error detection, is 4 MHz. This calculation is based on the bit rate of 8 million bits per second and assumes a binary signal requiring a minimum bandwidth that is half of the bit rate.
Explanation:
The question pertains to digital data transmission and requires calculating the minimum bandwidth necessary for a computer that generates data at a rate of 1,000,000 characters per second, using ASCII which has 7-bit binary-coded characters and includes an additional parity bit for error detection, making it 8 bits per character in total.
Bandwidth, in this context, refers to the range of frequencies necessary to transmit the digital signal. The data rate of the signal is given as 1,000,000 characters per second, and since each character is represented by 8 bits (7 bits for ASCII character and 1 for parity), the bit rate is 8,000,000 bits per second, or 8 Mbps (Megabits per second).
To calculate the minimum bandwidth using the Nyquist formula, we assume the signal is binary and requires a minimum bandwidth that is half of the bit rate. Hence, the minimum bandwidth required is 4 MHz (megahertz). This is because the maximum rate of change of a binary signal would be if it alternated between 0 and 1 for every bit, so the minimum bandwidth is also known as the Nyquist bandwidth.
Final answer:
The minimum bandwidth required to transmit ASCII characters with single error detection at 1,000,000 characters per second, assuming a parity bit is added to each character, is 8 Mbps. This figure is based on 8-bit as characters and could vary depending on the modulation technique used.
Explanation:
The minimum bandwidth required to transmit a signal with single error detection for ASCII characters at a rate of 1,000,000 characters per second can be calculated considering the addition of a parity bit to each character. ASCII uses 7 bits per character, making it 8 bits with the parity bit. To find the bandwidth, we multiply the bit rate per character by the number of characters per second. Since the computer generates data at 1,000,000 characters per second, and with the parity bit, we have an 8-bit as character, the data rate becomes 8,000,000 bits per second (or 8 Mbps).
However, the bandwidth can also be affected by various factors such as the modulation technique used. For instance, if a simple binary modulation scheme is used (such as non-return-to-zero, NRZ), where one bit is transmitted per signal change, the bandwidth would be 8 Mbps. But if a more complex modulation scheme is used, which transmits more than one bit per signal change, the required bandwidth could be lower.
Write a program that asks the user for a CSV of the NYC Open Data Film Permits: There is a sample file for June 2019 film permits on github. Your program should then print out: the total number of permits in the file, the count of permits for each borough, and the five most popular locations (stored in the column: "Parking Held").
Answer:
Before running this program, make sure you have installed pandas module for python.
pip install pandas
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
csv_file = input("Enter CSV File Name : ")
df = pd.read_csv(csv_file)
count_row = df.shape[0]
print("There were %d Film Permits in Total." %(count_row))
borough_count = df['Borough'].value_counts()
print(borough_count)
location_count = df['ParkingHeld'].value_counts().head(5)
print(location_count)
Explanation:
Answer:
pip install pandas
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
csv_file = input("Enter CSV File Name : ")
df = pd.read_csv(csv_file)
count_row = df.shape[0]
print("There were %d Film Permits in Total." %(count_row))
borough_count = df['Borough'].value_counts()
print(borough_count)
location_count = df['ParkingHeld'].value_counts().head(5)
print(location_count)
Explanation:
Before running this program, make sure you already previously installed pandas module for python.
Import panda and numpy
Put csv file
count row
then tell to print
The greatest common divisor (GCD) of two values can be computed usingEuclid's algorithm. Starting with the values m and n, we repeatedly applythe formula: n, m = m, ni'.m until m is 0. At that point, n is the GCD ofthe original m and n. Write a program that finds the GCD of two numbersusing this algorithm.
Answer:
The answer is in the explanation and check the attached file for the output
Explanation:
GCD.py:
def gcd(a, b):
if b > a:
a, b = b, a
while b != 0:
t = b
b = a % t
a = t
return a
def main():
m = eval(input("Enter m: "))
n = eval(input("Enter n: "))
print("GCD(",m,",",n,") = ",gcd(m,n))
main()
Output: check the output in the attached file
Answer:
I am writing a C++ program.
#include <iostream> // for input output functions
using namespace std; // to identify objects like cin cout
int gcd(int m, int n) {
//function to compute greatest common divisor of two value m and n
if (n == 0) //if value of n is equal to 0 (base condition)
return m; // returns the value of m
return gcd(n, m % n); }
// calls gcd function recursively until base condition is reached
void get_value(int c, int d){ // function to obtain two values
cout<<"Enter the two values: "<<endl;
//prompts user to enter values of c and d
cin>>c>>d; //reads the input values of c and d
while(c <= 0 || d<= 0){ // the loop continues to ask user to enter positive //values until user enters values greater than 0
cout<<"Enter a positive value";
cin>>c>>d; } //reads values from user
cout<<"GCD of "<< c <<" and "<< d <<" is "<< gcd(c, d); }
//calls gcd funtion to compute greatest common divisor of two values
int main() { // main() function body
int a,b; //two integer variables are declared
get_value(a,b); // calls this method to take values of a and b from user
char ch; // used to enter a choice by user to perform gcd again
while(true) {
//asks the user if he wants to continue to compute gcd
cout<<"Would you like to do another computation or not?(Y/N)\n"<<endl;
cin >> ch; //reads the choice user enters
/*if user enters Y or y then it calls get_value function to take values from user and computer gcd, if user types N or n then the program exits */
if(ch == 'Y'|| ch =='y'){
get_value(a,b);
}else if(ch =='N'||ch =='n'){
break; } }}
Explanation:
The program has three methods. gcd method that computes greatest common divisor (GCD) of two values can be computed using Euclid's algorithm. get_value method takes two positive integers from user to find gcd of these values. It keeps asking user to enter positive values until user enters positive values. Third is the main() function which calls get_value function and after computing gcd of two values, asks user to if he wants to find gcd again? If user types Y or y which indicates yes, it moves the program control to get_value function and if user enters n, then the program ends.
read_data Define a function named read_data with two parameters. The first parameter will be a csv reader object (e.g., the value returned when calling the function csv.reader) and the second parameter will be a list of strings representing the keys for this data. The list matches the order of data in the file, so the second parameter's first entry is the key to use for data in the file's first column, the second parameter's second entry is the key to use for data in the file's second column, and so on. The function's first parameter will be a csv reader object and not a string. This means you do not need the with..as nor create the csv reader in your function, but this will be done in the code calling your function. For example, to execute read_data using a file named "smallDataFileWithoutHeaders.csv" you would write the following code: with open("smallDataFileWithoutHeaders.csv") as f_in: csv_r = csv.reader(f_in) result = read_data(csv_r,['tow_date','tow_reason']) You would then want to include code to check that header had the expected value. The function should return a list of dictionaries. This list will contain a dictionary for each row read using the first parameter. The keys of these dictionaries will be the entries in the second parameter and the values will be the data read in from the file (you can assume there will be equal numbers list entries and columns).
For example, suppose the lines of the file being read by csv_r were:
2015-12-30,IL
2018-04-07,GA
then the call read_data(csv_r,['tow_date','tow_reason']) would need to return:
[{'tow_date': '2015-12-30', 'tow_reason': 'IL'},
{'tow_date': '2018-04-07', 'tow_reason': 'GA'}]
Answer:
Check the explanation
Explanation:
Given below is the code for the question. PLEASE MAKE SURE INDENTATION IS EXACTLY AS SHOWN IN IMAGE.
import csv
def read_data(csv_r, keys):
data = []
for row in csv_r:
mydict = {}
for i in range(len(keys)):
mydict[keys[i]] = row[i]
data.append(mydict)
return data
SCREENSHOT:
While working in your user's home directory, organize the new files as follows. Copy all the files that end in keep to the keepsakes directory. Move all the report files to the reports directory. Move all the memo files to the memos directory. Use filename expansion to remove all versions of reminders 1 and 2. Use filename expansion to copy the fourth version of the old files to the backups directory.
Answer:
Check the explanation
Explanation:
The step by step answer to the question above can be seen below:
1)
mkdir –p Unit5/reports Unit5/memos Unit5/backups Unit5/keepsakes
2)
a)cp *keep Unit5/keepsakes
b)mv report* Unit5/reports
c)mv memo* Unit5/memos
d)rm reminder_[12]*
e)cp Unit3/* /*4.old Unit5/backups
2. After your explanation in part 1), Barney agrees to use SHA-2 for hashing. However, to save space he proposes to only use the first 128 bits to create a 128 bit hash. He argues that since 128 bit encryption keys are secure, a 128 bit hash should also be secure. Explain what kind of attack a 128 bit hash would be vulnerable to, and why.
Answer:
Preimage attack and collision attacks.
Explanation:
When SHA-2 hashing is used with only 128 bit hash, It usually makes the system vulnerable to attack.
Main disadvantage in case of truncated SHA is that there exist no reduction proofs to the original hash function. It implies that the truncated version is thus is very much resistant to preimage attack and collision attacks.
Collision resistant system does not always implies to collision free. If 128 bit hash is used for say any file greater than 16 bytes, then atleast two collision occurs. It can occur anytime in the beginning in starting one or two documents at any later stage. It will lead to a situation where one will not be able to write second or will ultimately overwrite the first one.
Final answer:
Reducing a SHA-2 hash to 128 bits makes it susceptible to a birthday attack due to the collision probability. The effectiveness of hash security relies on collision resistance, not just the length of the hash.
Explanation:
The Vulnerability of a 128-bit Hash
Using only the first 128 bits of a SHA-2 hash can make it vulnerable to a birthday attack. This type of attack exploits the mathematical Birthday Paradox, where the probability of two people sharing the same birthday rises disproportionately with the number of individuals in the group. In cryptographic terms, it means that with a hash of 128 bits in length, an attacker only needs roughly 264 attempts to find two different inputs that produce the same hash value, which is referred to as a collision. This is feasible with modern computing power. Therefore, reducing the length of the hash from its original size compromises its collision resistance.
Comparing hashing and encryption directly is not entirely appropriate. While a 128-bit encryption key may be considered secure because it requires 2128 attempts to crack, this doesn't translate the same way for hashing. Hashes are not encrypted; they are fixed-size outputs for inputs of arbitrary size, and their security is largely reliant on their collision resistance and unpredictability.
JAVA
Write a method that takes in two numbers that represent hours worked and hourly pay. The function should return the total amount paid for the hours entered. For any hours over 40, you should receive overtime pay, which is 1.5 times the regular pay.
Example:
payday(50, 10.00) --> 550.0
payday(20, 5.00) --> 100.0
public static double payDay(int hours, double pay)
{
}
Answer:
Answer is in the provided screenshot!
Explanation:
Steps required:
check if pay is greater than 40, if so then handle logic for pay over 40, else treat normally.
The function below takes one parameter: a list of strings (string_list). Complete the function to return a single string from string_list. In particular, return the string that contains the most copies of the word the as upper case or lower case. Be sure, however, to return the string with its original capitalization. You may want to use the count() method of sequences to implement this function.
Answer:
def string_with_most_the(string_list):
index = 0
count = []
max_length = 0
for i in range(len(string_list)):
s1 = string_list[i].lower()
count.append(s1.count("the"))
if count[i] > max_length:
max_length = count[i]
index = i
return string_list[index]
Explanation:
Create a function called string_with_most_the that takes one parameter, string_list
Inside the function:
Initialize the variables
Initialize a for loop that iterates through string_list
Set the lower case version of the strings in string list to s1
Count how many "the" each string in string_list contain and put the counts in the count list
If any string has more "the" than the previous one, set its count as new maximum, and update its index
When the loop is done, return the string that has maximum number of "the", string_list[index]
The last step on Kotter’s Eight-Step Change Model is to anchor the changes in corporate culture; to make anything stick, it must become habit and part of the culture. Therefore, it is important to find opportunities to integrate security controls into day-to-day routines.
Do you believe this to be true or false? Why? 12.In general, implementing security policies occurs in isolation from the business perspectives and organizational values that define the organization’s culture. Is this correct or incorrect? Why?
Answer:
Therefore, it is important to find opportunities to integrate security controls into day-to-day routines.
Do you believe this to be true- Yes.
In general, implementing security policies occurs in isolation from the business perspectives and organizational values that define the organization’s culture. Is this correct or incorrect? - Incorrect
Explanation:
Truly, it is important to find opportunities to integrate security controls into day-to-day routines, this is in order to minimize future security threats by formulating company-wide security policies and educating employees on daily risk prevention in their work routines. In the operational risk controls, vigilant monitoring of employees must be implemented in order to confirm that policies are followed and to deter insider threats from developing.
Flexing and developing policies as resources and priorities change is the key to operational risk controls.
These risk controls implementation in organizational security is not a one-time practice. Rather, it is a regular discipline that the best organizations continue to set and refine.
For better preparation of an organization towards mitigating security threats and adaptation to evolving organizational security needs, there must be a proactive integration of physical information and personnel security while keeping these risk controls in mind.
12. In general, implementing security policies occurs in isolation from the business perspectives and organizational values that define the organization’s culture - Incorrect.
When security policies are designed, the business perspectives and the organizational values that define the organization’s culture must be kept in mind.
An information security and risk management (ISRM) strategy provides an organization with a road map for information and information infrastructure protection with goals and objectives that ensure capabilities provided are adjusted to business goals and the organization’s risk profile. Traditionally, ISRM has been considered as an IT function and included in an organization’s IT strategic planning. As ISRM has emerged into a more critical element of business support activities, it now needs its own independent strategy to ensure its ability to appropriately support business goals and to mature and evolve effectively.
Hence, it is observed that both the Business Perspective and Organisational goals are taken into consideration while designing Security policies.
Write a program that will ask the user to input a phrase (multiple word sentence), and an integer value. A static function will be created that takes the sentence (string) and integer as input parameters and returns a single word (string) of that sentence. If the integer was the number three, then the word returned would be the third word in the sentence. If the integer given in zero or negative, simply return an empty string. (do not let it crash) If the integer given is higher than the number of words in the sentence, then just return the last word.
Answer:
See explaination
Explanation:
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Word
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Scanner read=new Scanner(System.in);
char repeat='Y';
String phrase=null;
int index=0;
while(repeat=='Y')
{
System.out.println("enter a phrase :");
phrase=read.nextLine();
while(index<=0)
{
System.out.println("enter an index greater than 0");
index=Integer.parseInt(read.nextLine());
}
String s;
int spaces = phrase == null ? 0 : phrase.length() - phrase.replace(" ", "").length();
int numofwords=spaces+1;
if(index>numofwords)
{
index=numofwords;
}
System.out.println("word is: "+ getWord(phrase,index));
System.out.println("do you want to repeat (Y/N)");
repeat=read.nextLine().charAt(0);
index=0;
}
read.close();
}
private static String getWord(String phrase, int index) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
Scanner in =new Scanner(phrase);
String word=null;
int wordindex=0;
while(wordindex!=index)
{
word=in.next();
wordindex++;
}
in.close();
return word;
}
}
Check attachment screenshot
A babysitter charges $2.50 an hour until 9:00 PM when the rate drops to$1.75 an hour (the children are in bed). Write a program that accepts astarting time and ending time in hours and minutes and calculates the totalbabysitting bill. You may assume that the starting and ending times are ina single 24-hour period. Partial hours should be appropriately prorated.
Answer:
print("enter starting time hours")
st_hours=int(input()) #starting time hours
print("minutes")
st_minutes=int(input()) #starting time minutes
print("enter ending time hours")
et_hours=int(input()) #ending time hours
print("minutes")
et_minutes=int(input()) #ending time minutes
cost=2.50
if (st_hours<21 and et_hours>21): #if starting time is less than 21 and ending time is greater than 21
a_hours=et_hours-21
a_minutes=et_minutes #taking time after 21 from ending time ending time-21
time_minutes=60-st_minutes #converting all the time into minutes
time_hours=21-(st_hours+1)
time_hours=time_hours*60
time=time_hours+time_minutes
cost=(cost/60)*time
time=(a_hours*60)+a_minutes
cost=cost+(1.75/60)*time
print("cost=$",cost)
elif(st_hours>=21): #if starting time is greater than 21
time_hours=et_hours-(st_hours+1)
time_minutes=(60-st_minutes)+et_minutes #converting time into minutes
time=(time_hours*60)+time_minutes
cost=(1.75/60)*(time)
print("cost=$",cost)
elif(et_hours<=21): #if ending time is less than 21
time_hours=et_hours-(st_hours+1)
time_minutes=(60-st_minutes)+et_minutes
time=(time_hours*60)+time_minutes
cost=(2.50/60)*time
print("cost=$",cost)
Explanation:
This is a conditional program, the conditions applied are if and else if.
The resultant output was gotten using this three steps:
(1) If starting time is less than 21 and ending time is greater than 21
Then I converted the time into minutes before 21
ex:- 8:30
21-9= 12*60= 720 + 30 = 750
Then I calculated the bill.
750 * (2.50 / 60)
Then I converted the time after 21 and then calculated the bill and printed it.
(2)If starting time is greater than 21
Converted time into minutes and multiplied it with (1.75 / 60) to get the bill.
(3) If ending time is less than 21
Converted time into minutes and multiplied it with (2.50 / 60) to get the bill.
Please check attachment for program code screenshot.
Final answer:
In summary, the student's homework entails creating a program to calculate the total babysitting bill based on varying hourly rates before and after 9:00 PM, within a 24-hour period.
Explanation:
The question pertains to creating a program that calculates the total babysitting bill based on hourly rates that change after 9:00 PM. The program must accept a starting time and an ending time in hours and minutes and, with the given rates of $2.50 before 9:00 PM and $1.75 after 9:00 PM, compute the total cost considering partial hours.
An example of how the calculations may work is given: If you hired 5 people at a cost of $15 per hour each and they worked for 2 hours, the total cost would be 5 people \\* $15/hour \\* 2 hours = $150.
To apply this logic to the babysitting scenario, the program would need to calculate the number of hours worked at each rate, then multiply the number of hours by the corresponding rate and sum these amounts to arrive at the final bill.
(a) Show how to use (the Boolean formula satisfiability program) satisfiable num (and substitute) to find a satisfying assignment that minimizes the number of variables set to TRUE. Write the pseudo-code. HINT: eurtottesebtsumselbairavynamwohenimretedtsrif. HINT for hint: sdrawkcabtidaer. (b) How fast is your algorithm? Justify.
Final answer:
To find the satisfying assignment that minimizes the number of variables set to TRUE using the satisfiable num program, follow the provided pseudo-code.
Explanation:
To use the Boolean formula satisfiability program satisfiable num to find a satisfying assignment that minimizes the number of variables set to TRUE, you can follow the pseudo-code:
Convert the Boolean formula to Conjunctive Normal Form (CNF). Assign FALSE to the first variable and check if the formula is still satisfiable. If the formula is still satisfiable, assign TRUE to the first variable. If not, proceed to the next variable. Repeat step 3 for all variables, checking if assigning FALSE minimizes the number of variables set to TRUE. Output the assignment that minimizes the number of variables set to TRUE.
Write your own SportsCar class that extends the Car class. This new class should have the following unique protected instance variables: myColor, MyEngine that stores its engine size in liters, mySuspension - e.g., firm, soft, touring, etc., and myTires - e.g., regular, wide, low profile, etc. To utilize this SportsCar class, add the following lines to the Driver class. Note that the last four parameters (
Answer:
class SportsCar extends Car {
protected String myColor;
protected float myEngine;
protected String mySuspension;
protected String myTires;
}
Explanation:
With the provided information the class can be written as above.
Create a class called SportsCar. Since it extends from the Car, you need to type extends Car after the class name. This implies that it is a subclass of the Car class.
Then, declare its protected variables:
a string called myColor that will hold the color,
a float myEngine that will hold the engine size
a string mySuspension that will hold the suspension type
a string myTires that will hold the tire type
Write a C translation of the NASM program below, sticking to the assembly code as much as possible. Use single-letter variable names for function parameters (e.g., int foo(int x, int y)) and for local variables within function (e.g., int z) instead of using x86 register names (in fact registers should never appear in your translation). It is expected that your C code is much shorter than the assembly code.
The request from the student entails translating NASM assembly code into equivalent C code, a task typically associated with understanding computer programming languages and their conversion among the various levels of abstraction. Given the lack of actual NASM code in the question, a direct translation cannot be provided. However, explanations of assembly and machine languages, key elements of computer architecture, can be discussed as part of the educative process.
The Final answer would ordinarily consist of the translated C code, but due to the absence of specific assembly code, this cannot be provided. The
should focus on educating about the differences between assembly language and machine language, the process of translating between them, and the significance of this exercise in the realm of MIPS Assembly architecture.
a. Explain why two NSs is the minimum number you would ever want to run in an organization's networked IP environment. Consider the following factors, which can influence the total number of NSs present on a typical organization's internetwork:
• If an NS is available directly on each network or subnet in a local internetwork, routers need not become potential points of failure. Consider also that multihomed hosts make ideal locations for DNS because they can directly service all the subnets to which they're connected.
• In an environment in which diskless nodes or network computers depend on a server for network and file access, installing an NS on that particular server at a minimum makes DNS directly available to all such machines.
• Where large time-sharing machines—such as mainframes, terminal servers, or clustered computers—operate, a nearby DNS server can offload name services from the big machine, yet still provide reasonable response time and service.
• Running an additional NS at an off-site location—logically, at the site of the ISP from which your organization obtains an Internet connection—keeps DNS data available even if your Internet link goes down or local NSs are unavailable. A remote secondary NS provides the ultimate form of backup and helps ensure DNS reliability.
b. Given the foregoing information and the fact that the organization operates three subnets at each of its Indiana locations along with a large clustered terminal server at each location, explain how XYZ might want to operate as many as nine NSs for its network environment.
Final answer:
The answer explains the importance of having two NSs in an organization's networked IP environment and how XYZ could operate up to nine NSs. It details the benefits of multiple NSs in enhancing DNS efficiency, reliability, and accessibility across the network.
Explanation:
The minimum number of two Name Servers (NSs) is essential for an organization's networked IP environment for various reasons:
Having NSs directly available on each network or subnet can prevent routers from becoming potential points of failure.Placing NSs on servers that diskless nodes or network computers depend on ensures direct DNS availability to all machines.Operating multiple NSs, including off-site locations, enhances DNS reliability and backup capabilities.For XYZ operating three subnets at each Indiana location with clustered terminal servers:
With each location having three subnets and a terminal server, operating up to nine NSs would enhance DNS efficiency, reliability, and accessibility across the entire network.By strategically placing NSs at key network points as described, XYZ can optimize DNS services and mitigate potential points of failure.Utilizing multiple NSs ensures continuous DNS availability even in the event of local disruptions or internet service interruptions.
Input a total dinner amount (ex. $55.40) and the number of guest. The function should calculate the total cost (including 15% tip) and as equally as possible distribute the cost of the entire meal between the number of provided guests. (e.g., splitTip (15.16, 3) ==> guest1-$5.06, guest2-$5.05, guest3-$5.05). Whatever logic is used for uneven amounts should be deterministic and testable (all values rounded to cents - 2 decimal places).
Answer:
def splitTip(totalCost, numGuest): finalCost = totalCost * 0.15 + totalCost avgCost = finalCost / numGuest for i in range(numGuest): print("Guest " + str(i+1) + ": $" + str(round(avgCost,2))) splitTip(15.16,3)Explanation:
The solution is written in Python 3.
To calculate the average cost shared by the guests, we create a function that takes two input, totalCost and numGuest (Line 1). Next apply the calculation formula to calculate the final cost after adding the 15% tips (Line 2). Next calculate the average cost shared by each guest by dividing the final cost by number of guest (Line 3). At last, use a for loop to print out the cost borne by each guest (Line 4-5).
We will use linear interpolation in a C program to estimate the population of NJ between the years of the census, which takes place every 10 years. For our program the x's are the years and the y's are the population. So given a year, we will use linear interpolation to calculate the population for that year, using the surrounding census years.
1. read the data from the file njpopulation.dat into two arrays, one for the years and one for the populations
2. use int for the years and float for the populations
3. create a loop to do the following, until the user enters 0 1. prompt the user to enter a year between 1790 and 2010 2. give an error message and reprompt if the user enters a value outside the valid range 3. use linear interpolation to approximate the population for the given year
4. print the year and the approximate population; print the population with two decimal places
Answer:
See explaination for program code
Explanation:
program code below:
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
//file pointer to read from the file
FILE *fptr;
//array to store the years
int years[50];
//array to store the population
float population[50];
int n = 0, j;
//variables for the linear interpolation formula
float x0,y0,x1,y1,xp,yp;
//opening the file
fptr = fopen("njpopulation.dat", "r");
if (fptr != NULL)
{
//reading data for the file
while(fscanf(fptr, "%d %f", &years[n], &population[n]) == 2)
n++;
//prompting the user
int year = -1;
printf("Enter the years for which the population is to be estimated. Enter 0 to stop.\n\n");
while(year != 0)
{
printf("Enter the year (1790 - 2010) : ");
scanf("%d", &year);
if (year >= 1790 && year <= 2010)
{
//calculating the estimation
xp = year;
for (j = 0; j < n; j++)
{
if (year == years[j])
{
//if the year is already in the table no nedd for calculation
yp = population[j];
}
else if (j != n - 1)
{
//finding the surrounding census years
if (year > years[j] && year < years[j + 1])
{
//point one
x0 = years[j];
y0 = population[j];
//point two
x1 = years[j + 1];
y1 = population[j + 1];
//interpolation formula
yp = y0 + ((y1-y0)/(x1-x0)) * (xp - x0);
}
}
}
printf("\nEstimated population for year %d : %.2f\n\n", year, yp);
}
else if (year != 0)
{
printf("\nInvalid chioce!!\n\n");
}
}
printf("\nAborting!!");
}
else
{
printf("File cannot be opened!!");
}
close(fptr);
return 0;
}
OUTPUT :
Enter the years for which the population is to be estimated. Enter 0 to stop.
Enter the year (1790 - 2010) : 1790
Estimated population for year 1790 : 184139.00
Enter the year (1790 - 2010) : 1855
Estimated population for year 1855 : 580795.00
Enter the year (1790 - 2010) : 2010
Estimated population for year 2010 : 8791894.00
Enter the year (1790 - 2010) : 4545
Invalid chioce!!
Enter the year (1790 - 2010) : 1992
Estimated population for year 1992 : 7867020.50
Enter the year (1790 - 2010) : 0
Aborting!!
Write a program that will ask the user for a person’s name and social security number. The program will then check to see if the social security number is valid. An exception will be thrown if an invalid SSN is entered. You will be creating your own exception class in this program. You will also create a driver program that will use the exception class. Within the driver program, you will include a static method that throws the exception.
Answer:
See explaination for the program code
Explanation:
//SocSecProcessor.java:
import java.util.Scanner;
public class SocSecProcessor
{
public static void main (String [] args)
{
Scanner keyboard = new Scanner (System.in);
String name;
String socSecNumber;
String response;
char answer = 'Y';
while (Character.toUpperCase(answer) == 'Y')
{
try
{
// Task #2 step 1 - To do:
// promote user to enter name and ssn number.
// save the input to variable name and SocSecNumber. Such as:
// System.out.print("Name? ");
// name = keyboard.nextLine();
// validate SSN number by calling isValid(socSecNumber).
// output the checking result.
System.out.print("Name?");
name = keyboard.nextLine();
System.out.print("SSN?");
socSecNumber = keyboard.nextLine();
if(isValid(socSecNumber)){
System.out.println(name + " " + socSecNumber + "is Valid");
}
}
catch (SocSecException e) // To do: catch the SocSecException
{
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
}
System.out.print("Continue? ");
response = keyboard.nextLine();
answer = response.charAt(0);
}
}
private static boolean isValid(String number)throws SocSecException
{
boolean goodSoFar = true;
int index = 0;
// To do: Task #2 step 2
// 1. check the SSN length. Throw SocSecException if it is not 11
if (number.length() != 11)
{
throw new SocSecException("wrong number of characters ");
}
for( index=0;index<number.length();++index){
if(index==3 || index==6){
if (number.charAt(index) != '-'){
throw new SocSecException("dashes at wrong positions");
}
}else if (!Character.isDigit(number.charAt(index))){
throw new SocSecException("contains a character that is not a digit");
}
}
// 2. check the two "-" are in right position. Throw SocSecException if it is not
// if (number.charAt(3) != '-')
// 3. check other position that should be digits. Throw SocSecException if it is not
// if (!Character.isDigit(number.charAt(index)))
return goodSoFar;
}
}
See attachment
• Consider the following algorithm to calculate the sum of the n elements in an integer array a[0..n-1]. sum = 0; for (i = 0; i < n; i++) sum += a[i]; print sum; 1. What is the growth rate function for the above algorithm. (How many steps are executed when this algorithm runs?) 2. What is big O notation?
Answer:
Check the explanation
Explanation:
The loop runs for when i=0 to i=n-1 ie <n which consequently means that there are n iterations of the for loop, that is equal to array size n, therefore growth function will be
F(n) = n
Also big o notation is the upper bound of the growth function of any algorithm which consequently means that the big oh notation of this code's complexity O(n)