What does R stand for in ideal gas law?

The sequence of dissociation reactions of carbonic acid is a follows:

 [tex]\text{Step\;1:\;}\text{H}_2\text{CO}_3(aq)+\text{H}_2\text{O}(aq)\overset{\text{K}_{al}}\leftrightharpoons\text{HCO}_3^-(aq)+\text{H}_3\text{O}^+(aq)\\\text{Step\;2:\;}\text{H}_2\text{CO}_3^-(aq)+\text{H}_2\text{O}(aq)\overset{\text{K}_{al}}\leftrightharpoons\text{CO}_3^2\;(aq)+\text{H}_3\text{O}^+(aq)[/tex]

Further Explanation:

An acid is a substance that is able to donate a proton or hydrogen ion [tex]\left( {{{\text{H}}^ + }} \right)[/tex] in aqueous solutions. Hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulphuric acid [tex]\left( {{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_4}} \right)[/tex] and nitric acid [tex]\left( {{\text{HN}}{{\text{O}}_3}} \right)[/tex] are some examples of acids. On the basis of the number of protons an acid can donate, acids can be monoprotic or polyprotic.

Acids that can donate just one proton in aqueous solutions are called monoprotic acids. For example, HCl, [tex]{\text{HN}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}[/tex] and [tex]{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{COOH}}[/tex] are monoprotic acids as these can donate only one proton in solutions.

Polyprotic acids can donate more than one proton in aqueous solutions. These can further be divided as diprotic, triprotic and so on. Diprotic acids are the ones that can donate two protons in solutions. For example, [tex]{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}[/tex] and [tex]{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}[/tex] are diprotic acids. Triprotic acids are capable to donate three protons in solutions. For example, [tex]{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{As}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}[/tex] and [tex]{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{P}}{{\text{O}}_4}[/tex] are triprotic acids.

Carbonic acid has the chemical formula of [tex]{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}[/tex]. So it dissociates into an aqueous solution, releasing protons or hydrogen ions in it. Since carbonic acid is a diprotic acid, its dissociation takes place in two steps.

Step 1: The first dissociation of [tex]{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}[/tex] occurs as follows:

 [tex]\text{H}_2\text{CO}_3(aq)+\text{H}_2\text{O}(aq)\overset{\text{K}_{al}}\leftrightharpoons\text{HCO}_3^-(aq)+\text{H}_3\text{O}^+(aq)[/tex]

Here, [tex]K_a_1[/tex] is the first dissociation constant of [tex]{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}[/tex].

Step 2: In the second dissociation, [tex]{\text{HCO}}_3^ -[/tex] dissociates as follows:

 [tex]\text{H}_2\text{CO}_3^-(aq)+\text{H}_2\text{O}(aq)\overset{\text{K}_{al}}\leftrightharpoons\text{CO}_3^2\;(aq)+\text{H}_3\text{O}^+(aq)[/tex]

Here, [tex]{K_{{\text{a2}}}}[/tex] is the first dissociation constant of [tex]{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}[/tex].

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Answer details:

Grade: High School

Chapter: Acid, base and salts.

Subject: Chemistry

Keywords: acids, monoprotic, polyprotic, HCl, H2CO3, H2SO4, HNO3, CH3COOH, dissociation, Ka1, Ka2.

Answer: The formation of water is a chemical change.

Explanation:

Physical change is defined as the change in which change in shape and size takes place. The chemical composition of a substance remains the same. No new substance is formed during this.

For Example: Melting of ice

Chemical change is defined as the change in which change in chemical composition takes place. A new substance is formed in this.

For Example: Formation of water molecule.

The chemical equation for the formation of water molecule follows:

[tex]2H_2+O_2\righatarrow 2H_2O[/tex]

Hence, the formation of water is a chemical change.

Explanation:

A compound is defined as the substance which contains different type of elements that chemically combine together in a fixed ratio by mass.

For example, [tex]CaCl_{2}[/tex] is a compound as it contains calcium and chlorine which are different elements. And, both Ca and Cl are combining in 1:2 ratio.

And, for every molecule of calcium chloride these elements will always be present in 1:2 ratio.

Thus, we can conclude that when a substance was analyzed in a laboratory. It was composed of three elements in a fixed ratio. The substance is a compound.

Ionic compounds are generally formed from a metal cation (positively charged ion) and a nonmetal anion (negatively charged ion), so the correct answer to your question is option C.

Ionic compounds are typically composed of a metal cation and nonmetal anion. This means the correct answer to your question is option C. A cation is a positively charged ion, and in this context, it is typically formed by an element from the left side of the periodic table, or a metal. An anion, on the other hand, is a negatively charged ion, usually formed by an element from the right side of the periodic table, or a nonmetal. When these ions combine, they create an ionic compound, such as NaCl (sodium chloride), where sodium is the metal cation and chloride is the nonmetal anion.

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The temperature of 12.2 moles gas in a 18.35 l tank at 16.4 atm is 3,071.7 K or 2,798.5 degree celsius.

Temperature of the gas will be calculated by using the ideal gas equation as:

PV = nRT, where

P = pressure of gas = 16.4 atm

V = volume of gas = 18.35 L

n = moles of gas = 12.2 mol

R = universal gas constant = 0.0821 L.atm / K.mol

T = temperature of the gas = ?

On putting all these values on the above equation, we get

T = (167.4)(18.35) / (12.2)(0.0821) = 3,071.7 K = 2,798.5 degree celsius.

Hence required temperature is 3,071.7 K or 2,798.5 degree celsius.

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Answer:

The percentage of potassium in the given complex is 35.54 %.

Explanation:

Mass of potassium in [tex]K_3Fe(CN)_6[/tex] = 3 × 39.10 g mol=117.3 g/mol

Molar mass of [tex]K_3Fe(CN)_6[/tex] =329.15 g/mol

Percentage of potassium (K) in the the complex:

[tex]\% K=\frac{\text{mass of potassium}}{\text{molar mass of complex}}\times 100[/tex]

[tex]\%K=\frac{117.3 g/mol}{329.15 g/mol}\times 100=35.54\%[/tex]

The percentage of potassium in the given complex is 35.54 %.

Answer: D) Animals

Explanation:

Eukaryotic organisms are those organisms which exhibit complex cellular composition. They exhibit membrane bound organelles and nucleus is also enclosed inside a membrane which encloses the genetic material of the organisms. Examples include plants, animals and fungi.

Multicellular organisms are those which exhibit multiple layers of the cells to perform a specialized function.

Hetrotrophic organisms are those which are dependent upon other organisms for their food and nourishment.

Among the given options, Animals is the correct option. This is due to the fact that all animals are eukaryotic organisms as they have a membrane bound nucleus and other cellular organelles. All animals are multicellular because of the fact that multicellular system is necessary for performing specialized functions required for survival. They are incapable of synthesizing their own food either by chemosythesis or photosynthesis. They are dependent upon other organisms like plants and other animals for their food.

One form of transportation that uses nuclear power for energy is the  submarine. Therefore, option D is correct.

The term nuclear energy is defined as the energy in the nucleus, of an atom. Atoms are small units that formed all matter in the universe, and energy is what binds the nucleus together. There is a huge amount of energy in an atom's dense nucleus.

Nuclear submarines and aircraft carriers are powered by onboard nuclear reactors. Atoms in the nuclear reactor break, which passes  energy as heat. This heat is used to create high-pressured steam.

U.S. submarines rely on nuclear power for both propulsion and life support. The nuclear reactor heats water to produce steam that drives a turbine to transfer the propeller.

Thus, option D is correct.

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Answer:

[tex]0.00515molCaCO3[/tex]

Explanation:

Hello,

By following the down below simple mass-mole relationship, the requested moles are computed, considering that the calcium carbonate has a molecular mass of 100g/mol:

[tex]M_{CaCO3}=40+12+16*3=100g/mol\\\\n_{CaCO3}=0.515gCaCO3*\frac{1molCaCO3}{100gCaCO3}=0.00515molCaCO3[/tex]

Best regards.

Final answer:

To calculate the number of moles of CaCO₃ in a 0.515 g antacid tablet, divide the mass of the CaCO₃ by its molar mass, yielding approximately 0.005144 moles of CaCO₃.

Explanation:

To find the number of moles of CaCO₃ in an antacid tablet containing 0.515 g of CaCO₃, we need to use the molar mass of CaCO₃. The molar mass of CaCO₃ (calcium carbonate) is approximately 100.09 g/mol. To calculate the moles, we divide the mass of the sample by its molar mass.

The calculation is as follows:

Therefore, there are approximately 0.005144 moles of CaCO₃ in the antacid tablet.

Answer: The correct answer is the ratio of oxygen atoms to hydrogen atoms in a molecule of sugar is 2 to 1.

Explanation:

The given chemical formula for table sugar is [tex]C_{12}H_{11}O_{22}[/tex].

The above compound contains 12 atoms of carbon atom, 11 atoms of hydrogen and 22 atoms of oxygen.

The ratio of oxygen atoms to hydrogen atoms is [tex]22:11::2:1[/tex] and the ratio of carbon atoms to hydrogen atoms in a molecule of sugar is [tex]12:11[/tex]

An oxygen atom contains 8 protons and a carbon atoms has 6 electrons.

Hence, the correct statement is the ratio of oxygen atoms to hydrogen atoms in a molecule of sugar is 2 to 1.

Final answer:

Four atoms of iron (Fe) are reacting with every three molecules of oxygen (O₂) in the balanced chemical equation 4Fe + 3O₂ → 2Fe₂O₃.

Explanation:

In the balanced chemical equation 4Fe + 3O₂ → 2Fe₂O₃, for every three molecules of oxygen (O₂) that reacts, there are four atoms of iron (Fe) involved in that reaction. This is because the coefficients in the equation represent the stoichiometric ratios of the reactants and products. Hence, according to the coefficient in front of Fe, four atoms of iron react with three diatomic oxygen molecules to form two molecules of iron (III) oxide (Fe₂O₃).

Answer:

No triplet.

Explanation:

A triplet is observed in proton nmr when the neighboring, chemically non equivalent, carbon atoms bear two hydrogen atoms.

Let us examine the structure of o-chlorotoluene [shown in figure].

As shown in the figure there is no carbon bearing two equivalent hydrogen.

There are five non equivalent kind of hydrogen on the molecule

Three hydrogen are equivalent (Ha)

So we will observe only

a) Singlet

b) Doublet

c) Double doublet (split doublet)

Answer:

Option A= through gates that,s open up

Explanation:

The sodium and potassium ions transfer in and out the axon through electrical process. This process is called depolarization and re-polarization.

Depolarization:

Depolarization is occur when stimulus is given to the resting neuron. In this process gates of sodium ions on the membrane become open and sodium ions that are present out side. inter into the cell. because of this process the charge of the nerve changes (-70 mv to -55 mV).

Re-polarization:

when the re-polarization occur, potassium gates are open and the potassium ions goes outside the membrane. During this process electrical potential becomes negative inside the cell until the potential of -70 mV is re-attain i.e, resting potential.

In short we can say that depolarization allow sodium ions to inter into the nerve membrane and re-polarization allow potassium ions to moves out side the membrane.

Answer:

A.) Through gates that open up

Explanation:

Odyssey ware

1) As can be seen from any 1H NMR chemical shift ppm tables, hydrogens which have δ values from 2ppm to 2.3ppm are hydrogens from carbon which is bonded to a carbonyl group. From this, we can conclude that our hydrogens belong to the type, but from 2 different alkyl groups because of 2 different signals.

2) So, one alkyl group is CH3 and second one can be CH or CH2.

3) If we know that ratio between two types of hydrogens is 3:2, it can be concluded that second alkyl group is CH2. 

4) Finally, we don't have any other signals and it indicates that part of the compound which continues on CH2 is exactly the same as the first part.

The ratio remains the same, 3:2 ie 6:4

Explanation:

An oxidizing agent is defined as a substance which readily accepts an electron and itself gets reduced in order to oxidize another substance in a chemical reaction.

For example, [tex]2H^{+} + 2e^{-} \rightarrow H_{2}[/tex]

Here, hydrogen is getting reduced as its oxidation state is changing from +1 to 0 and hence it acts like an oxidizing agent.  

In an oxidizing agent, a decrease in oxidation state occurs.

Whereas in [tex]Sn \rightarrow Sn^{2+} + 2e^{-}[/tex], tin is getting oxidized by gaining electrons. Therefore, it is acting as a reducing agent. An increase in oxidation state occurs for a reducing agent.

Thus, we can conclude that in the given reaction hydrogen is the oxidizing agent.

Answer is: sulfur.

Fossil fuel combustion increases the acidity of rain because the sulfur dioxide is produced.  

Because of fuel combustion, sulfur dioxide goes up into the atmosphere as the hot gases rise, than it reacts with water and oxygen in the air and form sulfuric acid:  

Balanced chemical reaction: SO₂(g) + 2O₂(g) + 2H₂O → 2H₂SO₄.  

pH (potential of hydrogen) is a numeric scale used to specify the acidity or basicity an aqueous solution.

When pH is less than seven (pH<7), solution is acidic.

The Diels-Alder reaction between 2,5-dimethylfuran and maleic anhydride produces a compound that can be dehydrated to form 3,6-dimethylphthalic anhydride. Maleic anhydride's electron-withdrawing groups and the s-cis configuration of the diene aid the reaction's efficiency and dictate the stereochemistry of the product.

The Diels-Alder reaction between 2,5-dimethylfuran and maleic anhydride is a classic example of a cycloaddition reaction in organic chemistry. This reaction forms a compound that, upon dehydration, can yield 3,6-dimethylphthalic anhydride. Maleic anhydride serves as an excellent dienophile due to the electron-withdrawing effect of the carbonyl groups making the alkene carbons electron-poor and thus more reactive. The s-cis configuration of the diene, as in the case with cyclopentadiene, enhances the reaction's efficiency.

The stereochemistry of the Diels-Alder reaction dictates that the product will generally prefer the endo position, and models can help visualize these reactions and their outcomes. Acid-catalyzed dehydration is commonly used in organic synthesis to generate -unsaturated carbonyl compounds, which can lead to structural rearrangements depending on the nature of the starting materials and reaction conditions.

Answer:

The second structure is the most stable of all three.

Explanation:

The Formal Charge in the different resonance structures of HCNO is,

[tex]\rm FC=V-N+B[/tex]

Where,

FC- Formal charge

V- Valence Electron

N- Non-bonding Electron

B- Number of bonds

So,  Formal charge In the atoms of first resonance structure is

H = 1-0+1=0

C = 4 -4+2 = -2

N = 5 - 0+4 = 1

O = 6 - 2 + 3 = 1

Formal charge In the atoms of Second resonance structure is

H = 1-0+1 = 0

C = 4 - 0 + 4 =0

N = 5 - 0 + 4 = 1

O = 6 - 6+1 = -1

Formal charge In the atoms of Third resonance structure is

H = 1-0 + 1 = 0

C = 4 - 2 +3 = -1

N = 5 - 0 + 4 = 1

O = 6 - 4 +2 = 0  

To Figure out the most stable resonance structure we have to keep two things in mind:

1) The stable molecular structure tend to have the least number of charged atom.

2) In a stable molecular structure the negative charge is present in the more electronegative atom.

Here decreasing order of electronegativity is,

 N > O > C > H

From the Explanation above, the second structure (B) follows both points

Therefore, The second structure is the most stable of all three.

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