Answer:
Graves´ disease is an autoinmmune disease that is caused when the immune system attacks the cells of the thyroid gland, which leads to an overproduction of the hormones secreted by the thyroid gland. This constant attack and destruction on the part of the immune cells causes the thyroid to increase in size, a condition that is commonly known as hyperthyroidism.
Hyperthyroidism can become a really serious issue because the excessive production of the hormones of the thyroid gland will increase the metabolic activity of all parts of the body and can, if left untreated, cause such serious conditions as blood clotting problems, type 1 diabetes, among others.
What are the four types of tissues?
The term ''tissue'' refers to a group of similar cells. Being a combination of equal cells, a tissue has the same function in any part of the body.
The four types of tissues are:
. The epithelial tissue
. The connective tissue
. Muscle tissue
. The nervous tissue
. The epithelial tissue serves as a cover, among these are the skin and the lining of several ducts inside the body. It is divided into two general classifications: Simple Epithelium and Stratified Epithelium.
. The connective tissue supports and joins other tissues such as bone, blood and lymphatic as well as adipose tissue and reticular tissue.
. Muscle tissue consists of striated or voluntary muscles that move the skeleton and smooth muscle, such as the one that surrounds the stomach. It is divided into three types: Skeletal Muscle Tissue, Cardiac Muscle Tissue and Smooth Muscle Tissue.
. Nervous tissue is formed by nerve cells or neurons and serves to carry messages to and from various parts of the body. This tissue is present mostly in the brains and spinal cord. It has two types of tissue: The Nerve Cell and the Neuroglia.
This is the outermost layer of connective tissue surrounding a skeletal muscle.
Answer: I believe this is called the epimysium
Most organisms use DNA as their genetic material. RNA viruses are able to use RNA instead.What molecular mechanisms allow these viruses to use RNA as their genetic material instead of DNA?
Answer:
Reverse transcription
Explanation:
Some viruses such as HIV have RNA as genetic material. In them RNA stores genetic information. These viruses are called retroviruses. They are known as retroviruses because they have the enzyme reverse transcriptase. During protein synthesis, they use RNA as a template to synthesise complimentary DNA with the help of reverse transcriptase. Thus central dogma is as follows:
RNA ⇒ DNA ⇒ mRNA ⇒ protein
Reverse transcription ⇒ Transcription ⇒ translation
Read the following scenario and then label the stimuli and responses. Benny decides to teach his fish to swim to the top of the fish bowl. Currently, his fish swim to the top of the bowl only after he feeds them.Benny uses a flashlight to shine light in the bowl before sprinkling in the fish food. After a week, when Benny shines a light in the bowl, the fish swim to the top of the tank whether or not he has sprinkled in food.
Answer:
The stimuli is photoreceptor
Explanation:
The fish has been conditioned to react to light so it has conditioned response
Answer: Unconditioned response
Explanation:
The stimuli in this case is light which leads to the response produced by the fishes. This is an example of the unconditioned response in which the body responses to the stimuli involuntarily.
This response is not a voluntary response this is a kind of involuntary response by the body.
This response is produced due to the stimuli which is given again and again. This response stops with time. Example: If the food is not given to the fishes even when when the light is turned on.
Then slowly the response of the fishes will go away.
explain the roles of acetylcholine and GRP in gastrin secretion?
Answer:
Acetylcholine and GRP stimulates and increase the gastrin secretion in the stomach.
Explanation:
Acetylcholine can acts as a neurotransmitter as well as hormone. The parasymapthetic nerves release acetylcholine that stimulates the release of gastrin secretion in the stomach and helps in the process of digestion.
Gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) acts as a regulatory molecule of the gastrin. GRP is a neuropeptide hormones that helps in the secretion of gastrin by stimulating the G cells of the stomach.
Thus, both GRP and acetylcholine stimulates the gastrin secretion.
Acetylcholine and GRP play crucial roles in the secretion of gastrin, which is essential for the production of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach, facilitating protein digestion and smooth muscle contractions, while also featuring mechanisms to prevent excessive acid secretion.
Explanation:The roles of acetylcholine and GRP (gastrin-releasing peptide) in gastrin secretion are central to the process of gastric acid production, which is crucial for protein digestion in the stomach. When food enters the stomach, it causes distention that activates stretch receptors. This, in turn, stimulates parasympathetic neurons to release acetylcholine, which increases the secretion of gastric juice. Additionally, partially digested proteins, caffeine, and a rising pH level in the stomach stimulate the release of gastrin from enteroendocrine G cells.
Gastrin then prompts parietal cells to increase their production of hydrochloric acid (HCl), essential for converting pepsinogen to pepsin, and for further protein digestion. This hormone not only stimulates acid and enzyme production but also triggers vigorous smooth muscle contractions. However, the stomach has built-in safeguards to prevent excessive acid secretion and potential heartburn, such as suspending HCl secretion and increasing mucous production when pH levels drop too low, exhibiting a natural mechanism for maintaining homeostasis.
Red–green color blindness is an X-linked recessive trait in humans. Polydactyly (extra fingers and toes) is an autosomal dominant trait. Martha has normal fingers and toes and normal color vision. Her mother is normal in all respects, but her father is color blind and polydactylous. Bill is color blind and polydactylous. His mother has normal color vision and normal fingers and toes. If Bill and Martha marry, what proportions of children with specific phenotypes would they be expected to produce? The answers only include the proportions of some of the possible phenotypes; other phenotypes are also expected to occur but are not included.
Answer:
The girls with polydactyly color-blind and is 1/8, the boys with normal fingers and color vision is 1/8.
Explanation:
X - linked recessive trait may be defined as the trait that are normally passes down from mother to son. Males have high chances since they have only one X chromosme. The female should have both X chromosome affected to express the trait. Autosomal dominant trait express the trait in both the homozygous dominant and heterozygous condition.
The red - green color blinded male with polydactylous is married with female that have normal color vision and normal toes and finger. With the help of pedigree chart and probability,the outcome of their children with specific phenotype can be calculated.
Martha is normal for poldactyly and contains recessive trait for polydactyly. She is a carrier for the color blindness as his father is affected by the disease. Bill is affected by the color blindness and heterozygous for the polydactyly trait. The marriage between marry and bill have the children with 1/8 proportion of the girls can be color bind and shows polydactyly {1/4 ( girls with color blindness) × 1/2 ( the probability of polydactyly}. 1/8 proportion of the boys with normal vision and normal toes and finger {1/4 (boys are normal) × 1/2 ( the probability of normal toes and finger}.
If Bill and Martha marry, their children would be expected to have a 50% chance of being color blind and polydactylous, 25% chance of having normal color vision and normal fingers and toes, and a 25% chance of having normal color vision and polydactylous fingers and toes.
Explanation:If Bill and Martha marry, the proportions of children with specific phenotypes that they would be expected to produce can be determined by considering the inheritance patterns of red-green color blindness and polydactyly.
Red-Green Color Blindness:Since Martha's father is color blind, Martha is a carrier of the red-green color blindness gene on one of her X chromosomes. Bill, being color blind himself, has the red-green color blindness gene on both of his X chromosomes.
If Martha and Bill have children, the possible phenotypes are:
50% of sons: Color blind and polydactylous25% of daughters: Normal color vision and normal fingers and toes25% of sons: Normal color vision and polydactylousPolydactyly:Since Martha has normal fingers and toes and her mother also has normal fingers and toes, Martha does not carry the polydactyly gene. However, Bill is polydactylous, so he carries the polydactyly gene.
If Martha and Bill have children, the possible phenotypes are:
50% of sons: Color blind and polydactylous25% of daughters: Normal color vision and normal fingers and toes25% of sons: Normal color vision and polydactylousLearn more about Inheritance patterns here:https://brainly.com/question/780871
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Fluctuations in Estrogen are common in women of reproductive age. What side effect do you think may occur in post-menopausal women who take estrogen supplements?
a. Breast cancer
b. High blood pressure
c. Diarrhea
Answer:
(a). Breast cancer.
Explanation:
HRT or hormone replacement therapy can be defined as a type of hormone therapy, which is used for the treatment of menopause symptoms in females. It includes various hormones, including estrogen.
Estrogen is a female hormone that is normally synthesized in females during their reproductive age, which helps in regulation of menstrual cycle, production of milk, and thickening of uterus lining.
However, increased level of estrogen also increases risk of developing certain types of cancers, such as breast cancer as it makes the cells to multiply rapidly and increase production of mutant cancerous cells (if present).
Hence, a woman who is taking estrogen as HRT can develop breast cancer due to higher level of estrogen. Thus, the correct answer is option (a).
The second messenger in the following G-protein-linked-receptor pathway is signal moleculeG protein linked receptor activated G protein adenylate cyclase -> CAMP Select one: a. signal molecule b. activated G protein c. adenylate cyclase d. CAMP
Answer:
Answer is D - cAMP.
Explanation:
cAMP is a small molecule that functions as an intracellular signaling molecule - a second messenger. The first messenger would be the thing that activated the GPCR (e.g. a hormone). The GPCR is a signal transducer (converts extracellular signal to intracellular signal). Once activated, the GPCR activates adenylate cyclase which can be called a signal effector - it is an enzyme that produces cAMP.
15 Pts. Will give brainliest if correct.
Which of the following correctly describes where early Earth's water came from?
the atmospheric water vapor condensed
collisions of comets released water
dust storms caused disturbances in the atmosphere, causing rain
atmospheric nitrogen converted into early water vapor which was later pressurized into liquid
Answer:
atmospheric nitrogen converted into early water vapor which was later pressurized into liquid
Answer:
atmospheric nitrogen converted into early water vapor which was later pressurized into liquid
Explanation:
The disease diabetes mellitus is due to either destruction of the cells that produce insulin or a decrease in sensitivity of target cells to circulating insulin. How would this affect the level of glucose in the blood? Why?
Explanation:
Diabetes mellitus results from a deficiency in the amount of insulin released from the pancreas in response to glucose (type I) or from a decrease in the ability of muscle and fat cells to respond to insulin (type II). In both types, the regulation of blood glucose is impaired, leading to persistent hyperglycemia and numerous other possible complications in untreated patients such as tissue damage, raises the risk of heart-attack, kidney disease and vision deterioration. Type I diabetes is caused by an autoimmune process that destroys the insulin-producing B cells in the pancreas. Also called insulin-dependent diabetes, this form of the disease is generally responsive to insulin therapy. Most Americans with diabetes mellitus have type II, but the underlying cause of this form of the disease is not well understood.
Diabetes mellitus leads to high glucose levels in the blood, or hyperglycemia, due to a lack of insulin production (Type 1 diabetes) or insulin resistance (Type 2 diabetes). Insulin regulates blood glucose levels by enabling cellular glucose uptake and storage. In contrast, glucagon triggers the release of glucose into the blood when glucose levels are low.
Explanation:Diabetes mellitus, a condition associated with high blood glucose levels, results primarily from either a destruction of the cells that produce insulin (the pancreas' beta cells) or a decrease in the sensitivity of target cells to circulating insulin (insulin resistance).
Type 1 diabetes, an autoimmune disease affecting the beta cells of the pancreas, leads to a lack of insulin production. On the other hand, Type 2 diabetes often involves target cell resistance to the effects of insulin.
Insulin plays a crucial role in regulating blood glucose levels. It allows cells to utilize blood glucose and store any excess glucose for later use. Reduced insulin activity, therefore, leads to an accumulation of glucose in the bloodstream, a condition known as hyperglycemia.
Glucagon, another hormone produced by the pancreas, acts in opposition to insulin. It gets released in response to low blood glucose levels and stimulates the breakdown of glycogen into glucose, thus increasing the blood glucose levels.
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The rate of growth of a certain cell culture is proportional to its size. In 10 hours a population of 1 million cells grew to 99 million. How large will the cell culture be after 25 hours
The cell culture will have approximately 563 trillion cells after 25 hours of growth.
Explanation:
The rate of growth of a cell culture is proportional to its size. In this case, the cell culture grew from 1 million cells to 99 million cells in 10 hours. Since the growth is exponential, we can use the formula 2^n, where n is the number of generations. If we let the initial number of cells be 1 million (2^0), then after 10 hours, there were 99 million cells (2^10). So, the total number of generations is 10. Now we can use this information to figure out how large the cell culture will be after 25 hours.
Since 1 day (24 hours) corresponds to 48 generations, we can use the formula 2^n, where n is 48, to find the number of cells after 24 hours. Using the formula, we get: 2^48 = 281,474,976,710,656 cells. So, after 24 hours, the cell culture will have approximately 281 trillion cells.
Since the growth is exponential, we can use the formula to figure out the number of cells after 25 hours. Using the formula, we get: 2^49 = 562,949,953,421,312 cells. So, after 25 hours, the cell culture will have approximately 563 trillion cells.
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The cell culture will be approximately [tex]\( 1.139 \times 10^{13} \)[/tex] cells after 25 hours.
Given that the rate of growth of the cell culture is proportional to its size, we can model the growth of the cell population using an exponential growth equation:
[tex]\[ P(t) = P_0 e^{kt} \][/tex]
where:
- ( P(t) ) is the population at time ( t),
- [tex]\( P_0 \)[/tex] is the initial population,
- ( k ) is the growth rate constant,
- ( e ) is the base of the natural logarithm,
- ( t ) is the time in hours.
From the problem, we know that:
- [tex]\( P_0 = 10^6 \)[/tex] cells (1 million cells),
- [tex]\( P(10) = 99 \times 10^6 \)[/tex] cells (99 million cells after 10 hours),
- ( t = 10 ) hours for the first set of conditions.
We can use these values to solve for ( k ):
[tex]\[ 99 \times 10^6 = 10^6 e^{k \cdot 10} \][/tex]
[tex]\[ 99 = e^{10k} \][/tex]
[tex]\[ \ln(99) = 10k \][/tex]
[tex]\[ k = \frac{\ln(99)}{10} \][/tex]
Now that we have ( k ), we can find the population after 25 hours by substituting ( t = 25 ) into the original growth equation:
[tex]\[ P(25) = 10^6 e^{(\ln(99)/10) \cdot 25} \][/tex]
[tex]\[ P(25) = 10^6 e^{(2.5 \cdot \ln(99))} \][/tex]
[tex]\[ P(25) = 10^6 \cdot (e^{\ln(99)})^{2.5} \][/tex]
[tex]\[ P(25) = 10^6 \cdot 99^{2.5} \][/tex]
Using a calculator, we can approximate [tex]\( 99^{2.5} \)[/tex]:
[tex]\[ P(25) \approx 10^6 \cdot 1.139 \times 10^{12} \][/tex]
[tex]\[ P(25) \approx 1.139 \times 10^{13} \][/tex]
Where is the pyramidal decussation?
Answer:
Pyramidal decussation is at the junction of medulla and spinal cord.
Explanation:
Pyramidal decussation may be defined as the the fibers that cross the corticospinal tract from one side to the junction and the other side to the central nervous system.
Pyramidal decussation is the point at the junction between spinal cord and medulla. The motor fibers crosses the midline from the medullary pyramids.
How much glycogen can the human body store
Answer:
The human body can store 350-500 grams of glycogen in the body.
Explanation:
The glucose present in the body provides energy. The glucose each gram is changed to 4 kilo calories of energy which can be easily utilized by the body. The stored glycogen provides energy by converting to glucose. The muscle consist of around 400 gm of glycogen and the liver consist of 100 gm of glycogen.
The muscle uses this stored glycogen at the time of energy requirement. The liver also act as a reservoir of glycogen.
Many medications introduced into the bloodstream cannot directly affect the neurons of the CNS because A) oligodendrocytes form a continuous myelin sheath around the axons. B) the endothelium of CNS capillaries forms a blood-brain barrier. C) the neurolemma is impermeable to most molecules. D) ependymal cells restrict the flow of interstitial fluid between the capillaries and the neurons. E) astrocytes form a capsule around neurons. B Extensive damage to oligodendrocytes in the CNS could result in
Answer:
B. the endothelium of CNS capillaries forms a blood-brain barrier
Explanation:
Commonly known as the blood-brain barrier or BBB is formed by the action of endothelial cells of brain which line the cerebral microvasculature. The BBB is a vital mechanism that protects the brain from the action of many circulating agents which are present in different medications like xenobiotics or other neurotransmitters which can disrupt the neural functions or harm them. The BBB also functions to protect the brain from the fluctuations in plasma composition of brain cells.
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Imagine a population that has 180 A1A1 individuals, 144 A1A2 individuals, and 175 A2A2 individuals. Male A1A1 is the preferred mate of females and gets all the matings. What would the genotype frequencies be for the A1A2 offspring of this population? Answer to 2 decimal places.
Answer:
[tex]0.288[/tex]
Explanation:
Given
Individuals in a population having genotype A1A1 [tex]= 180[/tex]
Individuals in a population having genotype A1A2 [tex]= 144[/tex]
Individuals in a population having genotype A2A2 [tex]= 175[/tex]
Hence, the total number of individuals in a population [tex]= 180 + 144+ 175\\= 499\\[/tex]
Thus, frequency of Individuals in a population having genotype A1A2 [tex]= \frac{X}{Y}[/tex]
Where X [tex]=[/tex] Individuals in a population having genotype A1A2
Y [tex]=[/tex] total population
Substituting the given values in above equation, we get -
[tex]\frac{144}{499} \\0.288\\[/tex]
A nontemplate strand of bacterial DNA has the base sequence 5′−ATGATACTAAGGCCC−3′ Determine the amino acids that will be encoded by this sequence. Add the amino acids from left to right in the order the amino acids will be translated.
Answer:
5′−ATGATACTAAGGCCC−3′
3'--TACTATGATTCCGGG--5'
5'-AUGAUACUAAGGCCC-3'
Ile-Ile-Leu-Arg-Pro
Explanation:
To decode which amino acids will be encoded by the sequence, first the strand must be translated. Remember G pairs with C and T (replaced with an U) with A.
With the translated strand once, use the amino acids decoder chart, and separate the strand in codons. For each codon follow the left column for the first letter, the top column for the second, and the right column for the third.
Answer:
fMet-Ile- Leu-Arg-Pro.
Explanation:
First of all, the DNA sequence will need to be transcribed into its respective mRNA so as to know the codons that will that will translate to each amino acid.
However, for a non-template DNA strand, the DNA sequence is the same as the mRNA sequence except that the thymine base in DNA is replaced with uracil base in the mRNA.
Hence, 5′−ATGATACTAAGGCCC−3′ will become 5'-AUGAUACUAAGGCCC-3'.
The first codon AUG represents the start codon (Methionine) and using the genetic codon table
AUA = isoleusine (Ile)
CUA = leucine (leu)
AGG = Arginine (arg)
CCC = proline (pro)
Adding the amino acids from left to right in order of translation, it becomes fMet-Ile- Leu-Arg-Pro.
Describe the relative locations of the following bacterial cell components:
A. outside plasma membrane
B. outside cell wall
C. in cytoplasm
selectABC 1. cell wall
selectABC 2. nucleoid
selectABC 3. ribosome
selectABC 4. fimbriae
selectABC 5. pilus
selectABC 6. flagella
Answer:
A. outside plasma membrane:
1. cell wall 6. flagella
B. outside of the cell
4. fimbriae 5. pilus
C. in cytoplasm
2. nucleoid 3. ribosome
Explanation:
Bacteria is one of the three domains of cellular organisms. Bacteria are prokaryotes, cells that lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelle.
The plasma membrane is the outer membrane that enclosed the cytoplasm and cytoplasmic substance. The cell wall is covering the present out of the cell membrane or plasma membrane. Flagella are attached to the plasma membrane but it is present outside of the plasma membrane.
Fimbriae and pilus are the structure present outside of the cell wall and help to attach it to other cells or any surface. Nucleoid and ribosomes are present in the cytoplasm of the bacterial cell.
Which of the following is an effect of opsonization?A) increased adherence of phagocytes to microorganismsB) increased margination of phagocytesC) increased diapedesis of phagocytesD) inflammationE) cytolysis
Answer: A) increased adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms
Explanation:
The phenomenon of phagocytosis can be facilitated by certain substances called opsonins. Particles coated by antibodies or by certain products of the activation complement system adhere to the phagocyte membrane and are internalized more rapidly and intensely than those that are not opsonized. In the macrophage membrane, there are surface molecules, known as receptors, that have an affinity for these opsonins.
Opsonization increases the adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms, allowing for easier recognition, engulfment, and destruction of the pathogen by the immune system.
Explanation:The effect of opsonization is increased adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms. Opsonization is a process where pathogens are coated with a chemical substance, known as opsonin, which makes them more recognizable for phagocytic cells (like macrophages or neutrophils). This coating aids in the recognition, engulfment, and destruction of the pathogen by these cells. For instance, antibodies complexed with macromolecules, such as IgM and IgG in serum that bind to antigens, increase the attraction of phagocytic cells, mark these pathogens for destruction, and so enhance opsonization, leading to rapid clearing of pathogens.
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Reword the following statement to make it true: The orderly flow of carbon through the TCA cycle is possible because each of the enzymes of the cycle is embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane in such a manner that their order in the membrane is the same as their sequence in the cycle.
Answer:
The orderly flow of carbon through the TCA cycle is possible because of the substrate channeling between the enzymes of the cycle present in form of metabolons in mitochondrial matrix.
Explanation:
Enzymes of TCA cycle are not embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The enzymes are present in the matrix of mitochondria. However, these enzymes are present in the form of multiple enzyme complexes called metabolons.
Substrate channeling through multienzyme complexes does not allow the product of one enzymatic reaction to leave the complex. Since the product of one enzyme is a substrate for another enzyme of metabolons, the order of the reactions is maintained.
How would you use the foot-in-the-door phenomenon to get your friend to lend you her car for the night?
Answer:
this is just an example: 1. ask friend to borrow keys to get something from car. 2. ask to borrow car itself to take thing home. 3. explain it's going to take a while to drive car home and back so might as well just borrow car for the night.
Explanation:
foot in the door phenomenon is asking for something small and gradually building up to a larger request. most people are hesitant if you ask for something big right off the bat, but are more likely to accept bigger requests if they've accepted a smaller request and are eased into the larger one.
To borrow a friend's car using the foot-in-the-door technique, start by asking for a smaller favor to establish a precedent of compliance, then make the larger request to borrow the car.
To use the foot-in-the-door technique, you can first ask to borrow something small from her, such as a book or a piece of clothing. Once she has agreed to this smaller request, you can then follow up by asking to borrow her car for the night. The foot-in-the-door phenomenon suggests that she will be more likely to agree to the larger request after having said yes to the smaller one because agreeing to the small favor sets a precedent for cooperative behavior and can make her feel more committed to helping you further.
Which of the following scenarios is most likely to occur if the climate continues on its current trajectory? a. Continental glaciers will form and expand outward from Canada and Norway. b. Cities like New York, New Orleans, and Miami will be flooded by ocean water. c. Large expanses of continental shelf will be exposed above sea level. d. Glaciers will grow larger, carve more U-shaped valleys, and deposit moraines.
Answer:
b. Cities like New York, New Orleans, and Miami will be flooded by ocean water.
Explanation:
The theory says global warming will cause the temperature of the planetary atmosphere to rise. The hotter environment will make ice masses of Greenland, and the poles to melt completely and make coastal cities like New York, New Orleans, and Miami flooded by the ocean.
Which of the following is NOT a function of hormones?
a.initiate behavior and reproduction
b.coordinate the production and use of energy
c.maintain nutrition and metabolism
d.react to stimuli from outside the body
I believe the correct answer is D. React to stimuli from outside the body.
Explanation:Hormones are types of proteins that produce responses hand in hand with neurons but they are much slower and longer lasting. They can act on the same cells and in that instance they will be called autocrine hormones. Those that act on neighbouring cells are called paracrine hormones while those that act on far away cells are called endocrine hormones.
Further Explanation:a. Initiate behavior and reproduction:This is a function of hormone(s). Hormones such as testosterone can initiate both behavior of an organism and also stimulate reproduction. Testosterone causes maturation of sex features and sperms in males to initiate reproduction. Other hormones with such functions include: Estrogen and adrenaline.
b. Coordinate the production and use of energy:Some hormones conduct this function by regulation metabolism in the body. These include: Insulin in intake of glucose for energy and glucagon in maintaining blood glucose levels. Corticosterone also responds in stress to maintain energy.
c. Maintain nutrition and metabolism:Nutrition can be maintained by hormones such as ghrelin that stimulates appetite, insulin in intake of glucose, leptin and glucagon.
d. React to stimuli from outside the bodyThis is not a function of a hormone but rather the function of a neuron. Neurons have specific structures called denrites that recieve signals/stimuli from outside the body then convert them to nerve impulses that are transmitted to the brain which produces another impulse to be taken to a specific site to produce a desired response.
Level: High Schoo;
Put the items in the correct order. Below is a sequence of events. Place them in the order they should occur, number 1 being the first item. Select the step number from the drop down next to each item. Items to order: 1. Blastula 2. Fetus 3. Zygote 4. Gastrula Blastula Fetus Zygote Gastrula
ANSWER:
The correct order is- Zygote, Blastula, Gastrula, Fetus.
EXPLANATION:
The embryo develops from the zygote which is formed when the gametes fuse in the process of "fertilization". The zygote undergoes cell division to form blastula which is a "ball of cells". Gastrula leads to the rearrangement of cells of the blastula into three layers that differentiate into different systems of organ. The last stage is the fetus which then develops into a baby.In embryonic development, the correct order is: Zygote, Blastula, Gastrula, and Fetus. This process involves fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, and growth & development.
Explanation:The correct order for the sequence of embryonic development is: 1. Zygote, 2. Blastula, 3. Gastrula, 4. Fetus. The process begins with fertilization, resulting in a single-celled Zygote. Through a process known as cleavage, the zygote undergoes rapid cell division to form the Blastula. The blastula is usually a spherical layer of cells surrounding a fluid-filled or yolk-filled cavity. This blastula then undergoes a process called gastrulation, rearranging itself spatially to form three layers of cells, turning into the Gastrula. These layers differentiate into different organ systems. Further development and growth leads to the formation of a Fetus.
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Which one of the following statements about the chromosome theory of inheritance is FALSE?
A. Genes and chromosomes occur in pairs; one member of each pair is maternally derived, and the other is paternally derived.
B. The arrangement of chromosomes at metaphase of meiosis depends on the arrangement of all other chromosome pairs.
C. Genes and chromosomes assort themselves into gametes independently of all other gene pairs and chromosome pairs.
D. At fertilization, each zygote contains two copies of each chromosome and two copies of each gene.
E. None of these
Answer:
B. The arrangement of chromosomes at metaphase of meiosis depends on the arrangement of all other chromosome pairs.
Explanation:
Each chromosome pair during meiosis arrange itself on the equator of the cell. Here, one homologous chromosome pair arranges itself on the equator independently of other homologous pairs. This random and independent arrangement of chromosomal pairs results in their random and independent segregation during anaphase.
4)
The forelimbs of manatees, penguins, seals, and sea turtles are all flipper-shaped. This is an example of
convergent evolution to a structure permitting movement in water.
natural selection to a structure permitting movement in water.
adaptations to eating fish.
inheriting a common trait from a recent common ancestor.
selective breeding for the flipperlike forelimbs by humans.
Answer:
Option (A)
Explanation:
Convergent evolution may be defined as the independent evolution of similar features in different species. This evolution shows analogous structure that perform similar function but do not have a common ancestor.
Penguins, sea turtles and manatees forelimb is an example of convergent evolution because similar forelimb structure evolution has occurred in different species lineage. The convergent evolution of forelimb structure in these species permit movement in water.
Thus, the correct answer is option (A).
In fermentation the molecules of NADH are________while the organic molecules are _________.
A- oxidize, oxidize
B- reduce, reduce
C- oxidize, reduce
D-reduce, oxidize
Answer:
The correct answer is option C- "oxidize, reduce".
Explanation:
Fermentation is a process analogous to cellular respiration and, just like the latter, it involves oxidization and reduction of molecules with the final purpose of producing energy. During the process of fermentation nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide + hydrogen (NADH) is oxidized to its original form of NAD with a plus charge; while other organic molecules such as piruvate are reduced.
In fermentation, NADH molecules are oxidized, and organic molecules are reduced. This reaction allows NAD+ to be regenerated from NADH enabling glycolysis to continue anaerobically.
Explanation:In fermentation, the molecules of NADH are oxidized while the organic molecules are reduced. This process involves glycolysis where glucose is broken down, and during the latter stages, NADH donates electrons to an organic molecule, converting it to a more reduced form such as ethanol in alcoholic fermentation. At the same time, NADH is oxidized back to NAD+, which allows glycolysis to continue in the absence of oxygen.
Specifically, during alcoholic fermentation, acetaldehyde is reduced to ethanol using the electrons from NADH, simultaneously oxidizing NADH back to NAD+. This recycling of NAD+ is crucial for glycolysis to proceed in anaerobic conditions, providing cells with ATP. Unlike processes requiring oxygen, fermentation does not utilize the TCA cycle or the electron transport chain and relies on organic molecules to accept the electrons that were carried by NADH.
What are the 2 types of receptors for neurotransmitters and what do they respond to?
Answer:
The human cell system has a pretty advanced and effective way of communication. This communication between cells, whether it be of a single system, or between systems, is carried out by chemical reactions and gradients, and also through the intercession of molecules known as neurotransmitters. This is the case of the nervous system and its means of communication.
When we talk about neurotransmitters (the messengers) and neuroreceptors (the gatekeepers that receive the message and produce a reaction), we are literally talking about communication in the nervous system.
There are two types of neuroreceptors for trasmitters: the ionotropic (ligand-gated ion channels) and the metabotropic (second-messenger gated receptors, or G-protein coupled receptors). While the first type depends entirely on the availability of a ligand that binds to the receptor to open up the influx of ions from outside and inside of the cell to create a gradient that will ensure a cell response, the second does not open any ion channels and literaly what it does is receive the message from a neurotransmitter, and through the G-protein bound to the receptor, once it gets the necessary message, detaches and carries out the information to the cell. This is broadly how neurotransmittion can be carried out in the nervous system.
The white portion of the tough outer coat of the eye is called the ________.
Select one:
a. sclera
b. choroid
c. ciliary body
d. retina
Answer:
Sclera
Explanation:
Sclera is also known as the white of the eye. Sclera is the tough white portion of the outer coat of the eye.
Sclera protects the eye from the inside and helps in maintaining the eye structure. Sclera mainly consists of collagen and elastic fibers. Sclera increases the nonverbal communication in an organism.
Thus, the correct answer is option (a).
The white portion of the tough outer coat of the eye is called the sclera.
Which of the following fat-soluble vitamins is an antioxidant necessary for synthesizing visual pigments, can be found in butter and leafy green vegetables, and can lead to blindness when a person's diet is deficient in it?
a. Vitamin D
b. Vitamin A
c. Vitamin K
d. Vitamin E
The correct answer is B. Vitamin A.
Vitamin A (retinol, retinoic acid) is a fat-soluble vitamin important for vision, growth, cell division, reproduction and immunity. It also has antioxidant properties.
Vitamin A is present in many foods, such as spinach, dairy products and liver. Other sources are foods rich in beta-carotene, such as leafy vegetables, carrots and cantaloupe. Your body transforms beta-carotene into vitamin A.
There are two dofferent types of vitamin A. The first type, preformed vitamin A, it is found in beef, poultry, fish and dairy products. The second type, provitamin A, is found in fruits,vegetables and other products of vegetable origin. The most common type of provitamin A present in foods and dietary supplements is beta-carotene.
Not consuming enough vitamin A, can cause diseases (which can be avioded with a good diet). Vitamin A plays a very important role in vision. On the one hand, it is essential for the production of the pigment consumed by photoreceptors responsible for vision in darkness. Therefore, low levels of vitamin A lead to night blindness.
Answer:
Vitamin A
Explanation:
Because thats the answer
The muscle that serves as the prime mover during a movement is called the
Answer:
Agonist
Explanation:
The muscle that serves as a prime mover during a movement is called "agonist". Agonist refer to the leader muscles that contract and cause the movement.
For example, the deltoid muscle is the prime mover or agonist. Contraction of deltoid muscle causes abduction of the arm. An agonist for one type of movement may serve as antagonist or fixator for some other movement.